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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  D( N. K+ u; t  d) [# TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 `, V( v; ^4 P) p/ r* r
Exposure to Testosterone
' C: v/ W4 `* R% K0 i7 ESamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: _7 {+ z2 T& w: j6 y  f
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 J! ^1 P& c, v9 k( g  f' u% l  o( FClinical Pediatrics
+ s) D1 X0 g: vVolume 46 Number 6% F$ _+ A% _, I$ u% z$ h
July 2007 540-543" R) F8 F' r0 M& |* F8 Q
© 2007 Sage Publications
$ Q4 K8 ^+ P8 [7 D/ T" e9 V10.1177/0009922806296651
2 L! S" a: O/ d: @" o& \http://clp.sagepub.com
! |6 G# J. V) @: N. O6 F! q4 ^hosted at
' M; _0 Z( A+ Dhttp://online.sagepub.com' X1 ]# h- m0 A  x! z! _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ K/ W3 ~7 c% X) S6 p& ais a significant concern for physicians. Central; G1 m% n0 ]6 ^3 p5 i4 k, H
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- ^. P8 v- H- v2 D, t: a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  e" a) F" g) l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ Z- q5 r; q7 [lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( }0 M5 {% e1 }- x; K" c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 V/ g: Y$ |/ f# C6 [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; E* Z- m# [1 `$ e& {7 A6 O' N3 h) o
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 Q/ o2 g. U3 G: r7 L* R
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# L3 i. e( M0 B. D8 Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- b* i% I% w( W5 P3 C+ `2 b- [/ [; W
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" x2 k4 U; X9 k* ]to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 F; O7 b% J, z6 Y' F  [) n9 }% [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 D6 u) f, @9 g& c1 [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" B  X! n; o5 H1 ?4 Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& p+ f* \) s& f: V+ ]; z  ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! k3 p% L* s5 j; r. Pbly more common than the rare case report in the
2 x3 @5 k- Y+ K6 s" I( @# Wliterature.4
7 m  ~. _) c* Z$ N: l+ ^Patient Report% K) R, D, ?$ }" ~8 H! ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ X& ^6 r# w. w& r, M& dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 ?4 }  ~* n* }* |  k* W$ P# q4 T; |% O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 n: H! g0 H) `. {8 i2 U3 I8 Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
8 r% A5 O* ~' D' EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of; Q' D& p& c% ~! G/ r3 @$ A0 W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 @9 O$ r* K6 }
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( Q. {5 M  @5 ^; g+ Z1 m, r. W) ?Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# V. n* o; @$ i
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) |  ?; R  u4 F4 S1 pe-mail: [email protected].
. v/ s) Z1 O- u- N$ _0 S$ H: X8 }about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became2 `; _# M* \  t1 H
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- C' t+ p9 }, f" w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) h9 O' t, V3 Uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) c' a1 b, Y4 L6 r$ E% k7 Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 R4 o2 h# }. x" G; g* S- j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 a) d% l- I9 t  Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with* {4 P1 @- i& L& a* o$ Z" S2 e
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" e; x  z3 |$ F7 N' W% Tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 O8 C1 e  p% f. M
was age appropriate.. l+ }# f- K# I0 H; h
The family history was remarkable for the father,
' Y- F0 p3 N5 hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& r: Z8 |4 ?; a& T; T! |) Y0 s* ~which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' |6 L; L; H3 `# N. Pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 a/ I, K) Y& y* {$ _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  N4 t9 w# u7 z. v5 Q  [: o$ F  o' EThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! s- F3 l# ~* d5 t4 O$ [+ dchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 {0 H$ g2 a3 U5 Q) E3 b
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: S  `: |) Y" @- ?) h" d% S7 l6 C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 [& k2 s% Q# K# ^" jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( F6 R3 X" I  v- Stives. There were no siblings.
7 A& ]7 E* q9 L# S7 ?$ oPhysical Examination  U& E5 r3 b0 d( W7 D0 g) i
The physical examination revealed a very active,: ?5 F, V( {1 B1 l
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 O3 K8 m5 }$ J  \, s- P+ L/ F/ Z. F
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 f) e& d6 R" q6 `" b; U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  w! j6 d8 F' |(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- Q: U& r1 U" `, ^$ f4 j$ p( h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' H& [! ^# |# p+ B
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' v1 l! ]' `2 J9 P' l
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; N* K0 L5 }7 W0 t( b! B# penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 t+ f& t6 G5 _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# _! t; R7 P1 Q/ U4 \
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, c3 Z. z# [! p: q" r# M" y, c
540
, d- `+ w8 Z* O3 Z7 \( @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! U4 O! i' I1 W( Xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* J, }2 V4 ^  j' D% l( R; X' R3 Dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: t  F/ [; F+ _% e7 _; b8 G
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 X# Q# }7 i" O3 V7 @: o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: D5 I+ n+ z6 ?0 T% ?$ j
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., g2 q4 _8 q7 S& z) b( l& _
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. l0 T! A+ X* n& X8 mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 Q: q  V( e) [" R( j0 r! I( ~
of papilledema.# l1 h, R# [+ [/ Q" w% @
Laboratory Evaluation
4 P. `% q# p+ T. xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 z2 B. s0 A/ ~  e2 Z: t1 T9 P
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ }3 O. {$ w6 L0 V% t5 d+ v
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: t5 ]: v; |. |0 M" ^karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 {+ ^: `+ F) {( sshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 h7 I: M/ M4 P, E% C# d+ l( _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# v4 b* V9 K3 x( l/ `8 L. bThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ f1 c; S& w: Q3 P9 y1 |' ]- e
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' l( D% u. z: M8 Q  Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' H/ W: @8 P& B/ e8 ]# e
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 e+ h% O9 s; y5 f
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 w6 }4 q6 x' K) ^- ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 b! Y7 g9 M, B0 A  F5 Uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ t4 L( [: h5 W; p* m# k. C; @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 a( t7 Y  f: `6 x49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 P2 j* b4 [, x% Z. J! B
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 j% `; a/ v; |/ I! f) H  C! X( D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) {! y2 l/ m3 [7 g( L
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  V. S. e8 i! j! Y6 W; Z8 n
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% L- n  w. e6 A7 L3 x5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. t. q: F/ ^4 Q- _$ O% E- a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ w$ m8 U' F: @& Y# O, n% T' V3 u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 S- {) x5 @$ j* |) z6 ^4 Z8 U$ G(prepubertal).- E8 t7 m9 V* Y' Y3 ]. D- @
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 {* b. W2 J4 `: g2 n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
$ z  t& T  d0 r  H' `1 Tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The( B* t' X- O' J$ J& t5 }* R( T
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 I/ g3 {* ~! N, v2 _" b
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  Q* X3 F; G# ^: Wever, the family did not return for 4 months.! c: \; ~8 V# \$ s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- \5 H% N! d* s* b1 o: s" B1 L
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 \; ?0 S& o& i# I* W: z4 P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. W' v6 d6 U, h4 G% U1 P2 Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" {9 X1 u3 f* i. n. Z/ h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! _# E1 x! o  Q5 x, E( K9 U: e, W, q! s
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! u% S  z) F& G) y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) L7 r6 [) [7 n  C; {3 TThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 E9 j9 H. P) x6 I8 P
ing frequent erections.
" {% L8 h& g" ?Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 k7 `  s7 I/ z6 `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( W- ~+ L/ w" h, m) sthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% e, r  a9 ~' K. E  [  ~/ t5 @+ S0 CTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. t9 @+ D  }+ J" c  `) |( G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% r, S3 O6 R3 uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ H" l9 X2 e3 Z4 j2 d$ y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 C1 A, d- b& I7 ]1 y1 }
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ O+ A9 P/ M7 K! Q: f" r6 O+ F# `" Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 z6 q  ~" b1 d4 B: Q5 Y( k4 h1 w+ K* ]
secondary to depression.
/ G! _2 d* a$ |& wThe child slept in the same bed with parents.* N! e: y( v+ Z$ f5 l) _9 I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 J' i. K' C/ K2 b: D1 J0 x' Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& K/ W! {$ a1 O$ E7 d/ s9 unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ o  G: t& L% r# p) U$ d  ZThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 _' W; s9 R; Q8 z2 n$ w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby( C# k# e1 z9 }; q$ ^4 t8 v
was high, he then read the product information$ `5 V( [$ N8 @4 n& M% f7 P  Z1 z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- k( V0 ^' w. R0 ]
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) l% b2 Y& g# S+ s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
- m  q) r3 F) l+ z( @1 [1 B5 \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. S* x1 u) S: a3 @4 _! w( lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
3 E1 v& L* j+ @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  k* e1 h- N  z: d2 ]( l$ w- @laboratory to obtain the test.  u( ^9 Q( Z! Q; [8 Q
Discussion) B: i5 t( w& _9 h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 J4 z( }2 n5 o4 C1 C" W
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% i  C. n# {% D; H! B
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ v) Z! c8 Z6 L8 l% J% b4 c9 H" Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- O( Z) Q4 Y/ a. A" o
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 Z6 F: N+ U1 x3 W3 {& @% F) amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 @% e& A+ d5 \- {: `' \) ~( T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is+ u( Z( g5 o, z* t% l3 e/ X5 q$ L9 L
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' I0 r, S0 o3 S- Q$ s) {  Z9 A
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 w; s' L. l8 H! b% {
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ d, [( z1 L; {& Jboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 r8 L/ `( X7 t3 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 {% V$ O* H$ m1 q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" P0 V9 K# _; ~9 \7 P( Cgonadotropins.1,3
0 N* k# K4 G3 ]9 u! VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) c4 K* V( g. r8 T% L  [
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 |# K/ ]) M0 I! _# ^" o. }; S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* h+ {8 l/ V( E5 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ w) u8 u8 Z5 w" ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ w& H/ Y( U# x8 J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- a; k* A: T" V$ ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 k9 {/ D. x/ A1 W, \! a& t' b/ Z+ W
puberty in boys.3,4
  b8 k3 B% }' i& d- ~7 OThe most common form of congenital adrenal
! H1 C& U/ o% }9 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) g2 _& S4 Z: a0 }+ T7 R* L; cThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ X* l& t3 }! `, G$ z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: i0 x( T4 C% ^; }: |% a8 Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  }6 w8 Q2 n: @# E' S+ h9 ~* n! d; Rexcess.1,3# Y7 M+ K1 h; P* E2 Y& V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( q" F# d( J1 K" y9 E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' p! q  x" r, V+ k2 ^A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- Q+ c6 A/ E( `. d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 n& g# r9 t* b+ \6 B1 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. P0 K7 ~5 C, z% f' \0 lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: I  j8 E! v5 x) hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) \& @, a7 f* Y5 [5 Vincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. v: W7 a" G3 d# }
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder3 c' ~' C" l. s9 Q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 ]1 {) u; x% F# ]+ x5 g* jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 H4 `, r8 [! o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: R) o( h2 o1 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 G4 f4 X8 O" z/ E8 [6 J6 j
males; therefore, other male members of the family% u' ^; H0 ^6 S! V# P
may have similar precocious puberty.3
! G5 E) Z2 l( L1 d. o) XIn our patient, physical examination was incon-; q6 P' B( H9 u. C$ n* c
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 ]* \0 n1 Z* P  r1 e. {
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' a3 K6 ~0 s! H. u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 J) [% Y) I6 P# E* ]0 e# |started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 _% l& u/ ]4 X* T+ h% j. {9 htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
0 `2 V: [' E# d) ^6 Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 a, ~: ?( w3 m  l2 s( Lative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 @  Y) S2 Z4 Q9 G8 c
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 I6 H. E- M# K7 ^" H- d' U7 f! H
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 j6 E6 [+ r  d# u" c, e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 {! [' x. T* N9 h/ iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; f1 C, E1 x6 y1 z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 i; a4 ?  j0 q3 T2 S( p; U
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- e  t3 I6 E$ H
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ b* S) G/ Y- U, |, {$ t+ V4 |pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  u6 Y; O5 n+ E9 D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 |6 H+ T8 j( P4 q) m; s+ }
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- ^1 U1 R; {/ {) `4 W$ l2 v( b
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, g2 Y5 U4 r; `' b
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' a8 {- c9 E) A8 z: R5 E/ Scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; i7 C4 H  S8 X1 N+ kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 j: m; v" p# ?4 P9 T
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ }* K& g6 P; t* m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ ^3 o9 n- s0 zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( ]& H# J0 B/ I1 p0 }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 J' ]% @" F" n+ E: z% J) n4 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." s( S7 A# m2 t. m- A* z5 l9 q$ z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" s% V$ L* C2 \  g( x6 B! hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
$ z5 O% C  X& {2 |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  r* M1 s- Y  _/ L( U$ O
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 T4 N. f5 J0 K( f( @active in young children exposed to testosterone+ i9 G# w8 o; o" a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 V" y% s, _; V7 o) ^
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, k( X" A) z: O2 v* avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% e5 @' x* _4 S% `; C3 {3 p" @& Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, I) m3 U) j9 f: P4 b* Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" Z& o( W$ Z: Q. g! R% @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: q% y8 r9 i! H1 v* e% s1 V- Aearly childhood on pubertal development and final
! V% r' |4 M  A+ M* _adult height are not fully known and always remain
' X1 {& w/ z7 za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 N! U- x+ @( l3 B) G
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. r' V& ]+ |! m6 ]$ ^+ G: Wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after8 j) v. y- z8 V' q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
) V) L6 U# r8 U8 E0 _6 |7 v0 Rdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: y# W4 y% E$ E+ Y, y) n
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 G/ \( i5 K- m% I3 u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 J$ D: Y% I0 e7 g; f7 |# _& h; Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 ^/ |5 r2 N9 z2 d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; U  m9 I# g" |9 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However," Z& y* A0 t8 \! O+ Y3 P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# Y: c3 s1 {" g# H+ e- ?  [: _childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ M0 @& [. C" Q8 l: k4 m+ ~8 h! F5 p% [penile length in clinical studies.
& m! w- R) I7 P  H/ W: [4 eNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) z: a/ q- b+ d: q$ rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- L. a/ T! z/ w, y  O; F; @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ E$ E9 p9 w+ F5 C, Bthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: v6 Y3 X  W3 `, Q' _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
( @7 a: J+ D+ Q/ _! r6 V+ Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: G1 {9 D5 }$ u$ T0 p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ _3 J- S0 W% i
height will not be affected.
, F: j- S0 Q2 O! JAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 s$ j6 ]: F% v! Q; w5 Z3 E
ability of androgen products in our society may
# r! D! o7 N3 Y/ E! i; p  yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
; n2 l' y* A* T: }5 [5 Pchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 a" j6 ]. b" n! vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 a, g) B( q* `" ]/ ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" w+ k/ x( E7 H$ T. x. Y4 ^
gel should be asked of the family members during
$ e- ^2 S; J3 Z% rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! m5 J6 U4 b5 D3 f8 _  F4 `; H0 \ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; t' r& p# t6 @0 C/ @1 Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% @6 s5 l. e& q5 A% e0 z# Iappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# A& b0 Q$ b+ s" o' ohistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; U" N0 m3 V, ?& Q: v$ k" R
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# {) m/ Q& U+ K8 X! [8 b: dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be- V8 N; g* k. q9 w
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- `# T. L% v5 k; v$ Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 ]# S$ C2 L$ PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  Z* @7 Q1 Z5 n2 Z  D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# N% s5 s) y* B7 W/ }: [3 ^female child who might come in contact with some-
1 o( ^3 x$ O: yone using any of these products.8 @: f% |5 R5 x: U  C' G4 p
References. `; f+ l& u1 X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 O- c/ H& K, Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- K9 _  H& Z  E8 k" J4 ^Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 {  D* W/ v( u; h4 Z$ {1 W2002: 565-628.
3 d# j: n+ c1 v' Q2 Y& `: {: }6 U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  `4 ~. c/ k. @0 X/ Y! z3 E1 ^puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 |3 v3 X% t& ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ N; A2 \+ b; v- ?6 Y8 oExposure to Testosterone* q# W7 e- Q5 b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" l+ L" U. W  p2 land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ E, ]" W! D" hClinical Pediatrics
! M' J: [' S$ Q" v& x; }Volume 46 Number 6
4 V  b5 a+ x6 e  g0 E' ^, e0 e1 C( |July 2007 540-543! \# A  Q* u  G$ P- o
© 2007 Sage Publications! |) n$ ^8 z1 G- e3 h
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 Y! @3 G( ]* |http://clp.sagepub.com
: Z) ?; t4 _( ~- x8 @1 thosted at3 w# d! @( C3 a" |3 b5 ^7 S' g& g9 |
http://online.sagepub.com- l7 g" L5 z; @9 y& T
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 o7 l$ I  z* Z8 e. A% L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 D" n! ~8 A7 mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 K, L0 Y" F. b3 h+ Z5 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 y$ r/ x/ k7 d8 F; m. K& D/ m1 p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; ?  n/ _5 m; @0 y0 P0 `! j$ Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; M- V. b7 g* n& @( X( s/ h2 Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" U7 q+ \% A9 ^& W% `1 n; Dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, X2 @) Q$ W  j1 Z1 I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ |- H7 z! j8 g: f* u
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" h& t$ C  m$ b: Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! W4 n6 S% M. n# m! [ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- o( R; R& X; |: h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
& |" ^4 d+ y' F1 K% r* H9 l3 u5 Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% R/ f8 S' P- A+ _& N' R* \3 hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* ?5 m# W( z) L, {! P
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ P1 |7 q7 h8 H9 _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 t) ]" G! e2 m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ l$ S7 O; Y! ~; c4 H& m% B0 t1 {literature.4
, V) [$ G% M9 WPatient Report
# u$ R" Y# _* U4 dA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- ?* f) y! f' w2 J" ^* @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 A. T7 g" \) G$ q0 D9 Qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 W+ g/ @5 g  X% H; Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was1 x+ M' g+ A( [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of- K+ w# M  c& V
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ k7 d! T5 V$ w# i
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* d/ D$ P1 n0 ?+ M8 U8 M1 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 J, l. J2 L0 w0 DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: W, P# p* D( `2 L+ je-mail: [email protected].
" D4 Y- J9 a, W0 [1 |9 n' |9 p/ Kabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, `4 e# O( v4 \darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' t- |) y* ?& U( T1 e' l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 J1 L0 u% n0 z, W( ^$ ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 Y7 I( v0 @; A9 a% b: ma birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 \5 G3 O+ P+ ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ Q0 E$ y1 K. z% ?' g; D) Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ o% L4 [) q7 x# r! d; s: y& W, X( _& {
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( ]8 k* j$ {( Z/ V+ u: `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 C% Z: p" S8 H* f3 Q7 z3 o9 X7 {* o, d
was age appropriate.
- I) a* ?. ?+ K* t% [" t+ [The family history was remarkable for the father,8 A) m/ c" l: P" n9 u8 r- _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, O& B8 v/ h" D) [' y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: F- N% f5 I0 ^1 M8 u2 h: \2 q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  d$ w6 o; N# v; q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# V4 C0 @4 X4 i+ |( OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; ^/ \+ K3 }! S4 ?* }8 X' W* i: ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 w0 @% k# @5 I. q/ L7 f/ T
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, o$ [- ~! M5 J5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* i2 m5 ]! E& U4 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, q& `3 \/ p. U7 a1 Q
tives. There were no siblings.
* \" V( X: |- d9 w2 TPhysical Examination
- O; [! i9 N. T8 _! ?  r5 ~The physical examination revealed a very active,3 \! P, `  J3 C; z% C3 I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 r( J; j( w, |4 m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. u8 l) @/ T* H$ F$ {) R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  g  ?" \6 T, b4 y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# R. N8 ~# Y8 S, q7 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ T/ A2 M6 m$ Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." `% O- w3 T7 x# X+ n, q' L% q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 k7 K% T# d3 j4 i9 u# S4 T' u4 R  l( Benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 w3 D( z# y. e! A
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ w7 G* n6 l0 cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 H/ A  C. d9 {' a6 h7 K9 m1 A- G4 F540
6 _- w4 E& u: F. u  F9 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 _6 o. Q6 K; H* \: Q& b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 k1 G; v! M4 B& i2 h" P6 gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., b" I: E' X' q" s
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( M0 y, P; ^3 {: Q6 ~0 i4 [
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 ]( h" l; h- @; T( V  {abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., u" ^3 ~1 m4 g5 z, {9 p
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 q8 m, ]! u5 j9 y' l1 ^# s7 {! _1 b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) I7 }0 e7 s1 [5 n: o1 Gof papilledema.
5 v+ n- [" R9 V% X0 ^  n/ {; N& I+ ?Laboratory Evaluation0 \3 k. u$ X, U5 Q( `( e
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" R% b+ X1 K+ o* Y, v
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 i! ]% m- q5 D3 X) E# h  [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. |5 l0 o5 {! e& L$ R. r8 [4 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, m1 y: V- C. u7 X( F" c7 S
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' K! J1 `' V. `( ]% C* h1 J% m5 nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 `, b" o. q5 @- B6 K( ~, Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% c* i- X3 m7 k6 F* ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. ~0 X' J- n, K3 nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 Y8 m( B1 ^* n& \8 Y& I
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 _& r1 X$ e* @$ b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 M7 Y4 N( {. b! j: n+ P8 F  _
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 ~/ H+ z, m6 G0 g& l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),: h; w/ h9 Y) U1 i! A8 [: e
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 ]% G+ k# L2 J( [4 ]; l% X& i* R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 D. H2 h+ ?3 F& N
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- W2 h+ F4 V. x( E1 @9 t
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 k" J8 j5 b3 T1 x7 ]' _* H0 a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 d! f0 y$ q) Q- I6 Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! r7 M4 F$ F4 [( o2 d5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 M/ C7 e: f! j7 S: _2 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ C7 h) \1 W7 ?concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 W- s& f+ l' j. ~9 M3 }(prepubertal).- O, S. O3 z1 ]! h/ n7 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory
. ~  L7 ?" O% ?1 B' ]results and were informed that all of the tests were4 A0 [1 |! ]0 F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* x: ?8 g$ W7 N  x( T1 q- ^# ]( `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ ^- Y, j( ~9 V2 B% y" ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 N( Z7 W: \( E2 ^" _9 ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( Z. d; m. Q- j7 G7 U& d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the, K3 G& }: j3 T5 c
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 R3 ^3 }. q3 D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 s7 g6 h% Z' |$ _3 ~  {unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 o- y# i( a! J, d- D2 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( t- n( D/ k: Q* j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# m0 K' q; f3 Y* y' G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- l4 n# G$ \" u! h+ y4 U9 \+ }2 m
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 I( d* d8 V0 v7 |: |" [3 S( ]  ^ing frequent erections.
. t/ R7 w8 v2 _; u  u6 y+ M" jBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* f+ l: n! S+ ?" |! N* Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ ]3 J/ L9 s; v: W" W; f9 `
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- J  m* e0 \8 k3 w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 E0 r% ]* ^+ F4 o8 C. g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 S% e& t. H5 k& Y% Q$ S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. V/ R( A/ |/ xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: I3 ^9 ^8 J: F2 P9 q# `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 Z0 p6 E$ F3 x8 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 C  ]6 b, T  z
secondary to depression.
, A8 e; A$ [( P/ ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.. {* `" w) I3 |) y# ?6 W1 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) b1 D% A0 ?  m! Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 d3 T4 \& T: i0 t/ C9 o6 hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 ?0 P$ D, f+ S3 z# Q2 P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,) p/ M( @3 W, J2 G9 i3 Y# l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: }* J" \, \& J8 i' Mwas high, he then read the product information# ]5 _/ [! L8 z3 u" r: M& [% C1 k
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 _8 R- H- V- e, Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 g! F! a) _- J6 |
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 q9 F6 t& R9 c2 E: L+ Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 K3 V2 L% L' x! ~' T. ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 A' y5 C( I9 y- K1 J+ \4 h  utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: X/ s& k$ i+ v- x: Glaboratory to obtain the test.
- T0 _: r! \8 k5 M' IDiscussion6 I2 g+ w5 r9 v) T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  [; q& F$ J0 Y, Wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 t- r( I) {$ H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! D4 U8 U6 h2 H/ c+ @. Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 `7 R+ S% Y! \, `9 D( j. [# M& D1 `thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 i) R) g0 m) [4 }/ a
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 N5 A% @& r+ u8 \5 k% Y' o1 q/ a
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ T/ o, d5 R8 M# w0 F9 q% Z7 @& dresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 Z$ X/ F3 P( F" S$ q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 a' Z' Q* h3 P8 t$ l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: Q9 }; @- y5 @) o- X6 ^( U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ X$ e6 @; ?* y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U9 p' n. V6 w% jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 d- p2 d' h6 y# _gonadotropins.1,30 r8 H& K/ i2 T: A5 I
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 T, r# W, D0 {/ Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 M+ r6 {; i1 W$ gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: j# D- z. t% o" r% x( dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" Q4 ~2 f: j8 I( g2 e! Q& Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 O6 p3 J0 e8 J. [/ E6 Z4 R2 D) x/ r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& q& t4 L* f  r) b/ t% v: O- x/ y5 Hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" N( k. E1 |. P" zpuberty in boys.3,4
, e; ]( S+ M5 R% K% z( B. yThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ o  H3 c# `3 ]" Y8 _
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 ^) i/ F8 z, R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' `% X. W+ N* E( I& k! ]- uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 t5 E& m( ^& g* {( C4 ^) i
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ n. l/ l9 q. u/ l+ O+ Q# f
excess.1,3  k( Q2 a" c5 O3 }$ T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; [, N9 c* Q+ R( Z+ ^
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ e$ m, d; q9 {  ~* ]( fA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- B6 U6 @7 R5 a( T$ R% X2 e% n& V8 ]! xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 K( l) b) P4 q! N2 ?as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" S, z3 n; e( J/ Overy young age. The physical findings in these boys6 [6 X" K8 D& o
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 X6 b: i0 [- K0 U3 `including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 U2 C& }+ }0 n# J* hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* Q# j5 S$ _- o9 J4 [* j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* e/ Q: L8 X" I( ^8 d
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 n3 J! _: x9 u: t, [$ u  L) M7 W4 Y5 z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 @/ U" g, g: L6 M1 r8 B0 V% Y( [
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& S/ ~( \$ V8 U  G- H* o
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 I# ^. i' ^" ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
% l$ W' [( {- B* E# ?1 t- ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# A8 Y  z: [6 ?: `sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- y) K$ t) |3 ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% a- a3 y7 F3 m7 w' J6 Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father# C6 O5 X" [  U4 u6 F
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 o3 C' p) Y$ m- u4 J/ u" ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 ]2 j- l1 X+ v1 {beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 N1 a8 y; c+ ?8 [ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; w7 H4 ^. B, [6 l' C: pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 q, @7 p8 ~8 Q- b6 f
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' U5 w2 m  P4 W+ @) W/ Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# N- Q. D" ?  I4 bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 F; p" m3 ~- W7 XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( ]' i+ J% [) fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( Q- U$ r' [7 F2 y$ m
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' s7 n0 P: y* K! ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ a  M! A/ v9 {
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 d+ I6 \1 ?) p: iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 s" C7 o0 f2 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 l$ M6 V9 p' e0 w! a  |0 e4 `  UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ C* |% G5 p( j& C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ b3 ?" ?  u! `6 r" ?2 D5 \# X7 N& Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ }5 g+ x  Z$ ^. a9 v+ Y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 H! t) E4 a; g" G- U) r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' c7 O! B8 h: \& f( L8 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) m, S0 y5 f$ ?% n0 rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, a. R8 s& Z, a, ~) k. `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( F. o$ G/ t% I; u; u3 b& UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ U9 m5 E- }- J7 H/ S) ~
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" [0 x; q( z) ?3 s/ I5 M5 R
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 b2 @. k) J  I( Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" Z* N- ~, e7 \! B+ h' kactive in young children exposed to testosterone- y0 k2 s# O* w0 B" Y# h' a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: O* e# r* \) u, X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, L: P& D- Z5 i7 u# y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. |6 W: H" L4 b7 H7 D5 Y2 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and! I  }% K+ n/ B+ w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* J- @& `  t6 X& i- e) h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 ]: \/ n& `  {+ J
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, `0 b1 X/ s  D) D6 I" Kadult height are not fully known and always remain; F) {9 J, M/ }+ l
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. L" d  K; f9 ~! w" d
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' G( T8 B& v$ h. I. j/ `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 i- i% ]; H7 y# E" I, w% m+ c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* X) m9 h. v6 M" d* N* f& i9 _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  S- P! [+ X9 _7 e1 lThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 d0 U) ?) B/ F4 f5 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 j: P( e2 P6 S6 |# o7 Q) apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 h$ L! ]! u' Q; V
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 S2 d, h: t) v" K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ b! V3 Y2 J& N% i, y8 \* U) y' ^% xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 J% c& @3 }- i7 U7 @" \/ ^
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' x" ~: w/ p. m1 Y! U
penile length in clinical studies.
: n: k6 N& a7 i( x' bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ D1 C& e+ M/ [0 A7 N0 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 W) c6 p- P5 y0 Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 |) s" \/ c# j" T0 M5 Q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 E0 u; j$ C. r0 U! W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 D9 F9 r9 X* d6 r+ ?# o' w  j4 fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 U' D* c  F0 ?3 K& lthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ A3 G( ?. H- Vheight will not be affected.8 e, N" B) Y  I6 l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 f% n+ q6 R( d" Mability of androgen products in our society may) x6 p6 o" s/ k$ T( H. J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% L9 G8 L6 Z% X0 S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 h9 O7 q( q( A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% Z2 x5 p; s3 W$ c* f5 P% ]( {5 P
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 s$ t& e2 z6 u# A+ \4 sgel should be asked of the family members during* ?" h4 X, {- J, r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 [- g( d9 d5 @- l, u! k; ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 F* Y/ ]2 q! I, d8 x) Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( z( y, s9 j: i, u9 fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! n# q9 L+ ~7 W: a9 o# C, ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  L/ B/ D: n0 G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 @  L& n+ R/ a% r; b$ ]
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 v4 k  h$ y! J* x- _% p) jaware of this fact, because most of these children
$ r. F+ e' m+ y$ n5 imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 c1 L7 I7 Q! V9 X% ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! h8 n/ |" ?  F, U( m; qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or  [" g6 g! v" ?$ O) I7 S
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 g/ b/ @9 x" @6 h% B+ w* Cone using any of these products.
* t/ m, x% g& L; D7 RReferences
6 \9 j9 k4 Z) I+ Y2 y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ z2 y& Q- ~% c' u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 l9 m& Y; y5 e# ]$ p) f6 e2 J
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' l' h* n3 i+ V/ E+ i. T1 U2002: 565-628.
0 @# H- P+ f: M7 T* h4 u" ^$ H# I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 T1 [: g" M8 s1 ~1 {: [puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 o" _4 P+ l$ K: N* H5 D$ }7 p& Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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