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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 |3 v3 X% t& ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ N; A2 \+ b; v- ?6 Y8 oExposure to Testosterone* q# W7 e- Q5 b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" l+ L" U. W p2 land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ E, ]" W! D" hClinical Pediatrics
! M' J: [' S$ Q" v& x; }Volume 46 Number 6
4 V b5 a+ x6 e g0 E' ^, e0 e1 C( |July 2007 540-543! \# A Q* u G$ P- o
© 2007 Sage Publications! |) n$ ^8 z1 G- e3 h
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 Y! @3 G( ]* |http://clp.sagepub.com
: Z) ?; t4 _( ~- x8 @1 thosted at3 w# d! @( C3 a" |3 b5 ^7 S' g& g9 |
http://online.sagepub.com- l7 g" L5 z; @9 y& T
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 o7 l$ I z* Z8 e. A% L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 D" n! ~8 A7 mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 K, L0 Y" F. b3 h+ Z5 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 y$ r/ x/ k7 d8 F; m. K& D/ m1 p
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; ? n/ _5 m; @0 y0 P0 `! j$ Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; M- V. b7 g* n& @( X( s/ h2 Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" U7 q+ \% A9 ^& W% `1 n; Dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, X2 @) Q$ W j1 Z1 I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ |- H7 z! j8 g: f* u
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" h& t$ C m$ b: Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! W4 n6 S% M. n# m! [ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- o( R; R& X; |: h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
& |" ^4 d+ y' F1 K% r* H9 l3 u5 Lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% R/ f8 S' P- A+ _& N' R* \3 hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* ?5 m# W( z) L, {! P
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ P1 |7 q7 h8 H9 _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 t) ]" G! e2 m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ l$ S7 O; Y! ~; c4 H& m% B0 t1 {literature.4
, V) [$ G% M9 WPatient Report
# u$ R" Y# _* U4 dA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- ?* f) y! f' w2 J" ^* @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 A. T7 g" \) G$ q0 D9 Qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 W+ g/ @5 g X% H; Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was1 x+ M' g+ A( [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of- K+ w# M c& V
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ k7 d! T5 V$ w# i
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* d/ D$ P1 n0 ?+ M8 U8 M1 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 J, l. J2 L0 w0 DMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: W, P# p* D( `2 L+ je-mail: [email protected].
" D4 Y- J9 a, W0 [1 |9 n' |9 p/ Kabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, `4 e# O( v4 \darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' t- |) y* ?& U( T1 e' l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 J1 L0 u% n0 z, W( ^$ ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 Y7 I( v0 @; A9 a% b: ma birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 \5 G3 O+ P+ ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ Q0 E$ y1 K. z% ?' g; D) Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ o% L4 [) q7 x# r! d; s: y& W, X( _& {
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( ]8 k* j$ {( Z/ V+ u: `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 C% Z: p" S8 H* f3 Q7 z3 o9 X7 {* o, d
was age appropriate.
- I) a* ?. ?+ K* t% [" t+ [The family history was remarkable for the father,8 A) m/ c" l: P" n9 u8 r- _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, O& B8 v/ h" D) [' y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: F- N% f5 I0 ^1 M8 u2 h: \2 q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat d$ w6 o; N# v; q
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# V4 C0 @4 X4 i+ |( OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; ^/ \+ K3 }! S4 ?* }8 X' W* i: ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 w0 @% k# @5 I. q/ L7 f/ T
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, o$ [- ~! M5 J5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* i2 m5 ]! E& U4 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, q& `3 \/ p. U7 a1 Q
tives. There were no siblings.
* \" V( X: |- d9 w2 TPhysical Examination
- O; [! i9 N. T8 _! ? r5 ~The physical examination revealed a very active,3 \! P, ` J3 C; z% C3 I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 r( J; j( w, |4 m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. u8 l) @/ T* H$ F$ {) R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg g ?" \6 T, b4 y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# R. N8 ~# Y8 S, q7 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ T/ A2 M6 m$ Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." `% O- w3 T7 x# X+ n, q' L% q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 k7 K% T# d3 j4 i9 u# S4 T' u4 R l( Benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 w3 D( z# y. e! A
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ w7 G* n6 l0 cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 H/ A C. d9 {' a6 h7 K9 m1 A- G4 F540
6 _- w4 E& u: F. u F9 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 _6 o. Q6 K; H* \: Q& b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 k1 G; v! M4 B& i2 h" P6 gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., b" I: E' X' q" s
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( M0 y, P; ^3 {: Q6 ~0 i4 [
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 ]( h" l; h- @; T( V {abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., u" ^3 ~1 m4 g5 z, {9 p
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 q8 m, ]! u5 j9 y' l1 ^# s7 {! _1 b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) I7 }0 e7 s1 [5 n: o1 Gof papilledema.
5 v+ n- [" R9 V% X0 ^ n/ {; N& I+ ?Laboratory Evaluation0 \3 k. u$ X, U5 Q( `( e
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by" R% b+ X1 K+ o* Y, v
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 i! ]% m- q5 D3 X) E# h [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. |5 l0 o5 {! e& L$ R. r8 [4 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, m1 y: V- C. u7 X( F" c7 S
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' K! J1 `' V. `( ]% C* h1 J% m5 nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 `, b" o. q5 @- B6 K( ~, Z
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% c* i- X3 m7 k6 F* ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. ~0 X' J- n, K3 nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 Y8 m( B1 ^* n& \8 Y& I
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 _& r1 X$ e* @$ b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 M7 Y4 N( {. b! j: n+ P8 F _
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 ~/ H+ z, m6 G0 g& l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),: h; w/ h9 Y) U1 i! A8 [: e
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 ]% G+ k# L2 J( [4 ]; l% X& i* R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 D. H2 h+ ?3 F& N
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- W2 h+ F4 V. x( E1 @9 t
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 k" J8 j5 b3 T1 x7 ]' _* H0 a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 d! f0 y$ q) Q- I6 Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! r7 M4 F$ F4 [( o2 d5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 M/ C7 e: f! j7 S: _2 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
/ C7 h) \1 W7 ?concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 W- s& f+ l' j. ~9 M3 }(prepubertal).- O, S. O3 z1 ]! h/ n7 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory
. ~ L7 ?" O% ?1 B' ]results and were informed that all of the tests were4 A0 [1 |! ]0 F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* x: ?8 g$ W7 N x( T1 q- ^# ]( `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ ^- Y, j( ~9 V2 B% y" ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 N( Z7 W: \( E2 ^" _9 ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( Z. d; m. Q- j7 G7 U& d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the, K3 G& }: j3 T5 c
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 R3 ^3 }. q3 D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 s7 g6 h% Z' |$ _3 ~ {unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 o- y# i( a! J, d- D2 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( t- n( D/ k: Q* j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# m0 K' q; f3 Y* y' G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- l4 n# G$ \" u! h+ y4 U9 \+ }2 m
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 I( d* d8 V0 v7 |: |" [3 S( ] ^ing frequent erections.
. t/ R7 w8 v2 _; u u6 y+ M" jBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* f+ l: n! S+ ?" |! N* Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ ]3 J/ L9 s; v: W" W; f9 `
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- J m* e0 \8 k3 w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 E0 r% ]* ^+ F4 o8 C. g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 S% e& t. H5 k& Y% Q$ S
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. V/ R( A/ |/ xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: I3 ^9 ^8 J: F2 P9 q# `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 Z0 p6 E$ F3 x8 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 C ]6 b, T z
secondary to depression.
, A8 e; A$ [( P/ ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.. {* `" w) I3 |) y# ?6 W1 W
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) b1 D% A0 ? m! Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 d3 T4 \& T: i0 t/ C9 o6 hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 ?0 P$ D, f+ S3 z# Q2 P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,) p/ M( @3 W, J2 G9 i3 Y# l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: }* J" \, \& J8 i' Mwas high, he then read the product information# ]5 _/ [! L8 z3 u" r: M& [% C1 k
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
1 _8 R- H- V- e, Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 g! F! a) _- J6 |
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 q9 F6 t& R9 c2 E: L+ Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
8 K3 V2 L% L' x! ~' T. ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 A' y5 C( I9 y- K1 J+ \4 h utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: X/ s& k$ i+ v- x: Glaboratory to obtain the test.
- T0 _: r! \8 k5 M' IDiscussion6 I2 g+ w5 r9 v) T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
[; q& F$ J0 Y, Wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 t- r( I) {$ H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! D4 U8 U6 h2 H/ c+ @. Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 `7 R+ S% Y! \, `9 D( j. [# M& D1 `thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 i) R) g0 m) [4 }/ a
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 N5 A% @& r+ u8 \5 k% Y' o1 q/ a
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ T/ o, d5 R8 M# w0 F9 q% Z7 @& dresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 Z$ X/ F3 P( F" S$ q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 a' Z' Q* h3 P8 t$ l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: Q9 }; @- y5 @) o- X6 ^( U
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ X$ e6 @; ?* y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- U9 p' n. V6 w% jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 d- p2 d' h6 y# _gonadotropins.1,30 r8 H& K/ i2 T: A5 I
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 T, r# W, D0 {/ Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 M+ r6 {; i1 W$ gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: j# D- z. t% o" r% x( dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" Q4 ~2 f: j8 I( g2 e! Q& Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 O6 p3 J0 e8 J. [/ E6 Z4 R2 D) x/ r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& q& t4 L* f r) b/ t% v: O- x/ y5 Hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" N( k. E1 |. P" zpuberty in boys.3,4
, e; ]( S+ M5 R% K% z( B. yThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ o H3 c# `3 ]" Y8 _
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 ^) i/ F8 z, R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' `% X. W+ N* E( I& k! ]- uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 t5 E& m( ^& g* {( C4 ^) i
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ n. l/ l9 q. u/ l+ O+ Q# f
excess.1,3 k( Q2 a" c5 O3 }$ T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; [, N9 c* Q+ R( Z+ ^
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ e$ m, d; q9 { ~* ]( fA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- B6 U6 @7 R5 a( T$ R% X2 e% n& V8 ]! xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 K( l) b) P4 q! N2 ?as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" S, z3 n; e( J/ Overy young age. The physical findings in these boys6 [6 X" K8 D& o
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 X6 b: i0 [- K0 U3 `including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 U2 C& }+ }0 n# J* hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* Q# j5 S$ _- o9 J4 [* j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* e/ Q: L8 X" I( ^8 d
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 n3 J! _: x9 u: t, [$ u L) M7 W4 Y5 z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 @/ U" g, g: L6 M1 r8 B0 V% Y( [
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& S/ ~( \$ V8 U G- H* o
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 I# ^. i' ^" ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
% l$ W' [( {- B* E# ?1 t- ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# A8 Y z: [6 ?: `sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- y) K$ t) |3 ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% a- a3 y7 F3 m7 w' J6 Uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father# C6 O5 X" [ U4 u6 F
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 o3 C' p) Y$ m- u4 J/ u" ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 ]2 j- l1 X+ v1 {beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 N1 a8 y; c+ ?8 [ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; w7 H4 ^. B, [6 l' C: pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 q, @7 p8 ~8 Q- b6 f
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' U5 w2 m P4 W+ @) W/ Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# N- Q. D" ? I4 bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
8 F; p" m3 ~- W7 XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( ]' i+ J% [) fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( Q- U$ r' [7 F2 y$ m
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' s7 n0 P: y* K! ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ a M! A/ v9 {
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 d+ I6 \1 ?) p: iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 s" C7 o0 f2 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 l$ M6 V9 p' e0 w! a |0 e4 ` UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ C* |% G5 p( j& C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ b3 ?" ? u! `6 r" ?2 D5 \# X7 N& Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ }5 g+ x Z$ ^. a9 v+ Y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 H! t) E4 a; g" G- U) r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' c7 O! B8 h: \& f( L8 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) m, S0 y5 f$ ?% n0 rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, a. R8 s& Z, a, ~) k. `tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( F. o$ G/ t% I; u; u3 b& UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ U9 m5 E- }- J7 H/ S) ~
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" [0 x; q( z) ?3 s/ I5 M5 R
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 b2 @. k) J I( Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" Z* N- ~, e7 \! B+ h' kactive in young children exposed to testosterone- y0 k2 s# O* w0 B" Y# h' a
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: O* e# r* \) u, X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, L: P& D- Z5 i7 u# y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. |6 W: H" L4 b7 H7 D5 Y2 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and! I }% K+ n/ B+ w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* J- @& ` t6 X& i- e) h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 ]: \/ n& ` {+ J
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, `0 b1 X/ s D) D6 I" Kadult height are not fully known and always remain; F) {9 J, M/ }+ l
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. L" d K; f9 ~! w" d
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' G( T8 B& v$ h. I. j/ `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 i- i% ]; H7 y# E" I, w% m+ c
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* X) m9 h. v6 M" d* N* f& i9 _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
S- P! [+ X9 _7 e1 lThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 d0 U) ?) B/ F4 f5 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 j: P( e2 P6 S6 |# o7 Q) apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 h$ L! ]! u' Q; V
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 S2 d, h: t) v" K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ b! V3 Y2 J& N% i, y8 \* U) y' ^% xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 J% c& @3 }- i7 U7 @" \/ ^
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' x" ~: w/ p. m1 Y! U
penile length in clinical studies.
: n: k6 N& a7 i( x' bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ D1 C& e+ M/ [0 A7 N0 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 W) c6 p- P5 y0 Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 |) s" \/ c# j" T0 M5 Q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 E0 u; j$ C. r0 U! W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 D9 F9 r9 X* d6 r+ ?# o' w j4 fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 U' D* c F0 ?3 K& lthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ A3 G( ?. H- Vheight will not be affected.8 e, N" B) Y I6 l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 f% n+ q6 R( d" Mability of androgen products in our society may) x6 p6 o" s/ k$ T( H. J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% L9 G8 L6 Z% X0 S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 h9 O7 q( q( A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% Z2 x5 p; s3 W$ c* f5 P% ]( {5 P
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 s$ t& e2 z6 u# A+ \4 sgel should be asked of the family members during* ?" h4 X, {- J, r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 [- g( d9 d5 @- l, u! k; ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 F* Y/ ]2 q! I, d8 x) Q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( z( y, s9 j: i, u9 fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! n# q9 L+ ~7 W: a9 o# C, ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may L/ B/ D: n0 G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 @ L& n+ R/ a% r; b$ ]
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 v4 k h$ y! J* x- _% p) jaware of this fact, because most of these children
$ r. F+ e' m+ y$ n5 imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 c1 L7 I7 Q! V9 X% ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! h8 n/ |" ? F, U( m; qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or [" g6 g! v" ?$ O) I7 S
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 g/ b/ @9 x" @6 h% B+ w* Cone using any of these products.
* t/ m, x% g& L; D7 RReferences
6 \9 j9 k4 Z) I+ Y2 y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ z2 y& Q- ~% c' u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 l9 m& Y; y5 e# ]$ p) f6 e2 J
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' l' h* n3 i+ V/ E+ i. T1 U2002: 565-628.
0 @# H- P+ f: M7 T* h4 u" ^$ H# I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 T1 [: g" M8 s1 ~1 {: [puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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