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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# k7 r. |2 N: k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 Q; l2 u0 s4 S. P$ \3 n6 R, C
Exposure to Testosterone- S1 ^- U3 E2 M
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) W9 X* J9 X* o9 p
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 ]/ _( `9 A1 h7 b- x7 {
Clinical Pediatrics) `+ e. e5 z( h% t; p$ C0 T
Volume 46 Number 6
( H' P" L& J9 BJuly 2007 540-5439 s0 b, E. ?( O" _$ J
© 2007 Sage Publications
& J* G0 b* n. y10.1177/0009922806296651
8 f( j  s: ~7 _- D2 \0 L) J9 M  Yhttp://clp.sagepub.com/ `# K2 ]( X: j2 ~2 W
hosted at; Z7 l6 ?8 `6 P4 m. J. w
http://online.sagepub.com
! A; u8 S- l5 H" i3 ^  J* k" lPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 d, L# ?6 X/ S$ K
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ @! D5 H) B# Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; H- X5 ]9 f% E3 Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 l  ?3 ?; C" Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 M9 L' d: z+ u5 M" f; ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) S3 |9 \4 r6 i1 T0 a3 i
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' ^& A0 L' B! v2 ~. d5 m  L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 Z" L+ g" |! B! E/ F- K# Pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ j6 M9 C& u/ ]5 K# L; X  i) w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 T! R2 i7 ]# |2 D
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ q" w0 S, m5 y" v4 }6 D$ b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 `2 M" T% l( e
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 k0 p) E: N0 |! Q5 V& A, d! n5 V! F
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% }  s/ u8 m1 g: umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' U0 o1 ?9 E0 [8 s8 @( R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' R$ N2 v, M  F  p; z$ Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 F9 x/ O3 v! M7 U" I6 tbly more common than the rare case report in the. Z8 [9 P" T$ ], a1 G! a, u7 t
literature.4
) U. G" o" `  A. l) O) fPatient Report) Q# R7 h. q! X6 ?; e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 W8 n* K% I4 H, `3 f* V8 X: x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( k* i: d3 `) A2 F* y( a* Z) mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% m# w6 N( L2 Q# _. L& _2 T  nlight colored pubic hair development when he was
* p. M% n7 N( }4 qFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ f! E# \6 Y4 Q% o6 @: ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% p% \% ~# {2 m# @
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  m/ o3 Y5 Z2 p9 Y; Y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 S5 z' X1 w* S" J6 q- U% Q4 H3 g  y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 i0 }3 S  U' d; G) t) k5 Me-mail: [email protected].
2 O  l, `* u8 [& }3 k% B; O& cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 \0 O. E# r. x+ R+ V0 ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% ]1 v: V. I3 nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  w+ ~% V' u3 ^; P1 J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' r1 v2 @$ N3 e- F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 a0 Q; @4 d% C
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ d- `- x6 \) p* T* j; i
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 l7 B8 `- \) ~; L5 ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. f  d8 f8 K: ^, B( A9 X: M0 |: gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# j2 i: T% r/ p1 M3 O7 @5 c2 |
was age appropriate.
1 O' M9 v0 @, _The family history was remarkable for the father,5 @! ^( A8 j- b( J' w$ z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! E9 m6 Y2 n5 Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, A% C- T4 t) }0 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 T$ W$ p" O5 O  v% u: ~5 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 ^9 ~& x' g5 w8 t- y$ z+ b
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 a6 D- y( k5 l  nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; l8 V; l2 S. n" B, c+ G  Q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 L: D$ o9 V2 K3 e& c
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" H6 b$ @% `* y% Y; w. R/ `
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ J% [6 c3 y% E7 S8 t% B* d( V1 [tives. There were no siblings.
* E- m. J0 ~+ |, u0 m" f: YPhysical Examination
) {5 D9 t& J; }! W; U3 `4 ?) oThe physical examination revealed a very active,: }9 M+ m  i( A2 r- O- _  @( E
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& X7 B+ _1 M' \) R6 o2 l
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  {  [* ?3 u  b% h# T/ O, t' o. n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 O" ^6 \, `4 x  C0 [
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 Y9 V5 J7 T3 E9 A" J' ]velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# d( F% r# E1 R: I: e6 G2 @( {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 D2 u/ V! @% i& M: w! n, H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ M6 ^3 Q# D1 ?. U+ a5 T+ Z  v3 a. {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
. I( B) q1 w" @) N# ?. F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" L; K, t' m0 K$ Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 W7 H/ T! k+ r# I8 h) g9 Z5406 @$ n0 q! O8 n/ [. v, ^3 t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ Q) r- S+ H* X" j8 g5 Sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 o( Y2 c8 e0 ~- Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& D6 l5 A. m- `8 |; l
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' x1 {% v6 j+ q8 q4 Y; Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 C! [9 W4 Y! Q3 C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 ?. ]( }8 A' d2 L7 x
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' N3 [8 i3 V' A' E% a  d/ y  p
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( _* c& H4 \8 k/ X+ W1 y! ^of papilledema.; P0 P5 t! j) [0 e3 V" @0 w
Laboratory Evaluation$ O% i8 ^& ?* B0 Y+ r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 Q+ I* J" B" R, H) I$ g
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 ?( A/ d  U! G  V7 p( Z) Q9 T1 }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 y; w  X/ `# k; r% ?" }( N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- d0 i( N8 p5 _) H4 B" ?! R& W4 v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 B, U3 E% m2 n4 ?0 S* G2 M/ ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 {3 ?1 w: y2 k% E3 v( dThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ U/ y' A0 }8 `4 [; G: Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 D: t0 C+ ?7 x4 n3 u% M5 _4 Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& I1 s, \0 d. G6 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' K; |6 @4 J3 m1 C  d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 `1 h- B2 C5 x/ L( |; Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 n$ _, `. F+ \3 E# Q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' V( E/ A# h9 bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 b0 K# y! Z% E( Q/ ?/ L( ]! A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 F* _% _+ ?9 o' z5 J8 f: k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" z5 c8 ?* z7 Y, B5 R/ b8 E/ O% k- _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ {  h: u7 K2 V" S# k2 T0 g1 vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ c; o* ^' q* @& h9 q9 g. Dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 ]6 _" V- x+ W8 W3 h" z$ c0 R6 L7 s0 L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* x6 @. Q) H- \6 v0 C
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: d  Y5 }. w3 R# b
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) A+ S" E7 m, v8 d: p. F$ s8 E
(prepubertal).
3 X% f$ H6 |2 N- b( [9 u% OThe parents were notified about the laboratory: O: B( Z+ e& G4 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were+ `/ }! [5 p$ M+ m2 k0 i# k2 B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
; y6 m+ X4 J) y1 y; rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: l- S5 d2 p" |5 y( J
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' u. A1 E6 `2 G/ S2 [" H; m0 r( [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 s+ d' _: {3 J" aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ |# ]/ @1 Y2 y$ g. ~3 s  Nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  y  a- {2 J" H" o2 n4 [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: Z# M% r2 o! ^" q0 E" eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" r& ~3 B/ R. w* G9 e: Apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 A6 p  V- T3 _8 x" R" i# y% dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 Z  H  \0 O2 D! y8 [; C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., ^6 N9 E8 t7 O& D, C0 V
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. N: U/ f8 t% D$ M4 G( _8 X3 w" \
ing frequent erections.2 Z3 q" o3 o) u. u; k2 Z
Both parents were again questioned about use of! ^$ s6 _& ^6 g) k4 J' ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 B; o+ i3 ?% c9 t' |; s* n: H4 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" h2 X9 ], n2 Z! M& mTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 {  Z0 x9 C8 g9 E/ X2 K. Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 O; `( F+ s* E! b% c* Z; R3 ^: q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 j& U% R+ c8 b1 \& N) Y0 w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 {! T5 N$ [/ i4 w, Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: Y' c8 l1 e/ M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) I* H$ E1 O+ x; usecondary to depression.
/ |9 @* V" f: QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ c6 _" e) p8 I' o8 ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 ~- J$ q+ r2 P4 [% ~2 R- W
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 C; k+ @% ^3 anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' q; s/ H7 A/ z5 A) YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,* p5 w- r2 l5 z+ n, N/ W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 f* I& [, U: _. |6 P6 d6 ?was high, he then read the product information  ~: s, ~8 \  L. w0 ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; J( M1 M7 D1 {- v' E, u! q4 r6 h+ ]
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ N) w5 N* H& _) K4 S' ~3 l
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
; [6 q4 }$ U; Q# P: Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 S# f) M+ u' [% K: [$ }+ `9 h
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. b: B. F( o- B1 ~: |% n/ ]test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. U7 H1 p, ]3 O0 `; u" @laboratory to obtain the test.( Z! i3 H  F) J% X* E8 R
Discussion, _$ W& C+ @0 @- A5 A/ v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- y4 Q5 c- j" g% d, ~5 W1 ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) d3 U8 h9 ~3 `* u7 A$ Q. OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 V- G1 t# Q) P' \/ @) |) D6 e( d0 y, Wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( D7 `( c) W+ G# S0 E' n9 \+ Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ t$ h. f& w  r4 Z% M5 fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) }, R8 j4 p( S- h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 Y; @6 z% q8 T5 P) v; v
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; O4 Y& _( H/ Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# c# J2 E$ D9 t4 S$ g4 N0 Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% d0 x& {" }3 c* m5 K& }2 A5 v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 P, D8 v, y( a5 K: c+ b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 l" @8 D- Y3 {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# s# L2 ]0 a! M2 kgonadotropins.1,34 q+ c! R  }8 v; S; ^  |
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 q: u( J% G1 a0 ]- O+ T( Zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 t/ O* C6 I2 P1 N" R
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 G  `- M) g/ ]! S% K
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 e0 F$ W- w0 P4 C5 j' Q9 ^0 tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" y. h, b2 ~, h+ V* Q$ S/ [4 L% X
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: q7 q/ _: ]$ Q2 \1 f
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 p. C8 g9 R9 I7 S' k$ \( ^9 Gpuberty in boys.3,4
1 v( s; A! L2 u: j' i0 b7 A' VThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ Z; E5 N/ x6 v9 f2 H# d: ^1 J  T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  o( v$ X: d# d- m. l. x7 CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 b( ~$ [; `/ T* b. V& j; ]excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* L% y6 D+ f. m
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; u* `, h1 V1 H9 J9 p$ j
excess.1,3
; Q4 Q$ [& b$ u- @0 h5 Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: M$ D+ R; g6 V/ b2 y2 l! P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' w  T, g' M  a- v4 S3 h. _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 ~  C( ~8 }* v8 J. J8 a" f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* X! d1 S9 q& y& z2 yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 Y9 d# ]# V, Z4 c9 [8 G4 `( q' Every young age. The physical findings in these boys# c# W5 E5 f0 y0 E8 n1 x- S" E: Q, j
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ A0 j" Q- B9 j; V2 u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 a& r; X1 h' A, J- xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& R7 n: ^, M0 s6 l7 |5 W7 f8 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ G4 o2 @( }# Q5 n9 [pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-( ]# p' c- r8 z) T
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ b2 A* X3 C' a. B# ~4 N1 p- W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" G" g$ J: ?/ C0 ]' C+ Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 T. T+ q6 g( X; O* |( F( @5 @may have similar precocious puberty.3, u, ~. z" D% k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 U; X4 S- t& M1 x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 [: y# ~* x) _. ]" ~9 v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 m' V% t. |0 |1 ]was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 v; J" b: z/ _. E- g; Y" z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 C# w/ {, N3 {5 Vtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
, f' y# _" N% E- O1 s& X# f' Dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  D& ?: D; |: G# P% u' M, D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 K$ ?' s, {" G1 i0 t6 u* }# ]/ Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; h& c) k$ D  B0 G! S: Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. l, x# G2 |3 \deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 l5 G- n2 N, p4 x. k* c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ f8 T6 ^3 Q* Z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 o/ I! X% P* ~+ Q, q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; c  S0 m" o, k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" o* {& e- N( j1 Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 R; U" K  C' Z, S. m! p
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ ]( `- y* j/ b9 {
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 I$ i% |6 Y/ Q, V; J6 R8 V9 D7 U$ |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 f3 Q% `& J/ |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ O6 P4 y2 y; J/ ?( _* G  q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 C. s% G4 G( J! m, J* m2 G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! Q1 s4 i- G$ r( ?0 O: m% tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 s, x' u2 q! t- r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! b: x4 _; j% |4 U0 [! V7 V4 |
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 k0 w/ V/ p9 }$ ~  K3 H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. x: }8 }& {7 j5 g. p1 a/ {5 O$ [tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 C% a1 X, B% F& U4 H' x3 N, [
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: l. R$ l% |: Z5 x, p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# I' L* `7 x" J3 H) F  ^' T- f: F! E
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 u: N0 z6 r6 B9 C8 D) Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 t1 L7 n. b& X- a7 x& d, d) \0 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. e' n& d+ y* b7 |exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ @% n5 K) c9 Y2 |5 B, j; W. S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; M- u, X2 z, E4 @# B  q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* A5 A$ v. h0 Pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and* f* k4 c; I4 ^0 \0 Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; Y3 r: e) `5 p" z3 E) V, f: Z- s' p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 k7 w, _0 F, n$ s9 k4 q
early childhood on pubertal development and final0 Q; @8 k" ^& i' J0 V
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 m0 n3 r, M+ B3 P5 J
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& J9 e8 e" m0 A: c$ bterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 x" N+ q0 K4 ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" w; Q4 t# H6 |. ~7 |9 D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* ]1 n3 l2 T5 _  V5 @" g8 Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& L, l, l  W0 l5 A
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ L% P& v% J3 @# lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- I0 H* H* U0 }/ t, `! u& ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& [  l1 p, u" r" p0 c+ P/ |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ N. r. k! x& }5 p% n) I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& U: V, Q. h4 i/ k& A6 b) w, O. H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. g9 c' O$ @: |+ uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 R& O, H+ @/ y2 }. P/ t
penile length in clinical studies.) {0 s+ t9 U3 I4 v& j: v% J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. d* F! E+ N# m# v, u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; g$ Q" ^" ], J# a$ gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( f. t0 V# V: G3 ]: \the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 `$ F7 q, ^, ]! Y  z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of1 R& Y* B3 ?( S% D
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 A1 _/ Y+ R$ O( J2 m! @6 uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 H9 |7 ^% r: ^# J/ Zheight will not be affected.' J" p! V9 @4 L6 n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) g5 L9 {0 _7 yability of androgen products in our society may
7 o7 {9 M+ G0 M5 k; e6 g" v* uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( F. `! f( C! x/ A' H8 `# @# I9 }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! q# X$ ^6 T& [& |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( T3 b+ {& P0 \7 F. z7 Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 B8 b. E$ u+ Z2 D2 V8 B: \& qgel should be asked of the family members during5 Y- o$ T  T1 R0 b7 ~
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ g1 l/ |, W6 t+ yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ R1 J7 b/ _% R! b9 tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 G9 \; l, g6 o. v! W/ D: Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  o0 q9 j* S" W  [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may: b# E! x- \: z: U3 T0 G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: J. C$ t; x( w& `' sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be2 O$ s$ q& y% j# |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
" _6 j! j3 M# M5 {8 L4 lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ w4 B7 @* d: ~; Q1 w" d+ U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* t# k/ Y( M0 v0 o  ?) dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, z' W1 a- Z3 F' ^5 Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-8 x6 s7 f/ w4 G$ A
one using any of these products.
/ ^( f/ h0 g2 }1 LReferences
) K  M4 ~( q$ [% V; D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' A8 y) E0 E6 G6 a* k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ P' x! }8 a% O$ jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" w$ ?. y$ _) a' `# Z* I2002: 565-628.: s! b2 F, a9 ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" m/ \; ~* W( Q( @. T8 N* q- b
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ C- Y0 N6 e2 t$ ^9 `Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 p9 n4 [' K" V# {
Exposure to Testosterone
' Z& L9 G  I: B! B+ ESamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  B, g- V% q6 h( n' ^6 D5 yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 h; c8 q8 m1 c5 z1 N6 C5 jClinical Pediatrics: G$ U/ E2 f1 ~
Volume 46 Number 6
- a; n1 F1 D" U  F. pJuly 2007 540-543
+ h: C; s3 H4 N' V' s& z( L© 2007 Sage Publications0 _7 B+ n' E7 G7 P: C
10.1177/0009922806296651+ ^2 d- n, }8 I: u$ K
http://clp.sagepub.com3 `, o% M5 }1 `- S' w
hosted at1 Y; @+ q7 e9 P% I
http://online.sagepub.com
' R7 \1 d" S9 Z$ ZPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ w3 ]+ N# @$ v; Z) e% t/ M7 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
) f* h$ T; V8 k  E  {" w  w2 Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 y0 v3 p0 V: J2 A+ Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' O$ k2 q2 M. V& I; W% Za higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* _1 V. r2 L, r' N6 `5 ]% klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. s$ E% j& j- d; K4 Eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: S% {+ p( f3 v$ j, F5 y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. k# w; T# N9 jcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 C$ r4 L5 {3 a" r5 ]7 s; h8 Y' T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- _1 d  b( X' G+ b# O
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 C; i" |% q/ F+ \* H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 N2 d- C* {7 F+ |to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 f' e% I! O: b2 `  r5 kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 C8 m3 ?4 ?' B4 Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' f) }% \- t$ B2 \& L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of% r7 f! ]6 W1 x5 `6 p% r4 P
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( S% ?1 _4 F" @& p2 k$ B8 e. a2 X( I
bly more common than the rare case report in the
% m; q* }" G+ g' A/ m# z5 @6 A3 J; Nliterature.49 i" E" y$ d% e! C
Patient Report
) C" D& [* K  ~. r; |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; F7 `: m0 |, c) h. x. dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 Y. V3 Q$ i  B: P: A, I% m, qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
- E: i6 i9 t1 |. E( _" ?light colored pubic hair development when he was1 R- N# `9 x  W0 E% o3 K. I9 B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! k5 ~1 f) ~: n! c% ASouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: I1 O4 ~/ q, d( p* v7 k1 H3 wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& I4 w; i6 z3 ?% R) \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 x% z; w; L" o. h8 \: |' n! V. G( W
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! p2 D2 ?6 O2 oe-mail: [email protected].
: p5 }" U: t8 U3 m8 H) jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 J, ~; a: x* c2 |6 @6 n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ x  i" d0 J- [" l3 K1 j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 X' n, a2 ?3 w+ P) A
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 [8 m5 L0 n3 D6 ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 q8 m- q$ r6 x- N$ N" ?: n20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) J: }5 P$ X! x0 ]1 vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ w" E1 r9 [+ [; @7 F' W& P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# }' q- S- I- U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  n+ ^7 `; Q; b2 E& J7 W1 x4 P8 }was age appropriate., E' i1 k8 R* m6 t/ q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# [" i/ l& Y, y) n1 jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 J7 n0 }, N. j' A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  {" Q8 c* E3 J2 {+ g
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 H: f2 f" {) x% Iearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( J& S4 ]" G6 X  u4 C' V  p
The father denied taking any other medication. The+ \* f$ i- K/ h4 L; ]3 I, n
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" x9 \8 H9 X4 z8 d( I) a/ lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ X0 l+ Y  S6 L
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& V- ]- H4 y- q- W2 s! ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& j+ h% ]: {" n, Jtives. There were no siblings.
- R, B+ X. n6 K5 D& W( i, U, NPhysical Examination
% \# r# x3 _: mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
+ [5 S4 P5 w/ O4 y+ p* _. p' h5 t( }0 nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* X& A# P$ t; P# ]& }a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 o+ E' I, s: S6 ]# i; _3 o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% u! O% \1 v; N0 r0 W4 w
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! n' t4 ~% U" M# _$ A+ {
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. E, n2 Y  D: {- Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. J4 x, g0 n: V& A" C+ L! l
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for: O, M) m5 D) v! j& p
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 ?4 J% e5 a8 k1 ?9 n. \8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ ]* d4 I- c- j, h" l; R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( I' T& n, f9 n
540
  m6 {  L1 L1 q/ z1 B' l6 m1 b; eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 T3 f, t( E$ w2 \$ p% Bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. e6 g9 M* S! |+ p: K8 S7 H6 ^3 ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( `& H+ G* h  H! t) a" p8 o
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 }. Y+ d/ w" S  |( P! R; }: B
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  J. j9 s  Q  l7 a9 K5 r" o8 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" l* R* W% X5 E1 o: u# Y9 bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+, q# g# L1 T6 N* N4 l& J" e
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# d9 u* b2 i% n9 S! M/ U( K
of papilledema.
3 k- U& J& p1 j( {% YLaboratory Evaluation
7 L, Q" o7 D& N+ {3 bThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 ?8 K  E$ k- J8 }2 Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' l# b9 H5 G' J, S6 T/ V6 S) Blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" N: u2 J7 V' G4 z0 c$ C( `( rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& L9 G% u: Z' f
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; i2 j" O3 O$ J1 Clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 W8 l2 D# |  v7 R! i- b) ~
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ s/ n& r7 h& M/ f9 L$ U9 U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ f5 V& {- Q% o5 p1 c( R0 O8 H1 lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
* h5 G8 M7 R/ N! e/ Eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; `! p! z2 a  h# I' o4 ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
1 M3 L  v- S( j; i3 Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  m9 R# m: L3 G' Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. s5 v4 A, `7 X: g% t, Jdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 g( Y" {4 P  s6 L9 a. h8 a9 k/ Z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 j' [6 g( G) R8 q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 y! J' X: @0 l5 b1 Rtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# ?" Q% @; p* A3 P+ h
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, F" O$ @) Z# i- Uand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! I* `5 _1 Y$ _- @' c* ~5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' r2 M: F; _) d. R& j% p' Rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 c1 H* \/ C$ e9 H4 iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' {; X: {" f* M! j' l(prepubertal).7 N- m% I) v  O6 ?. B
The parents were notified about the laboratory& ^$ |  B) d% `6 s0 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were; ~' y& H2 X% O  G! {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 }! Y6 F, l; a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
$ V3 D) P6 _- B( O- x  P' ^; kobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 [* v" c5 c- Z- c! p1 d
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 Q5 I8 `. `% z
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& V/ E1 m1 E  m$ |) P& @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained" v0 t# R0 q. \( n" p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& S' o$ P( k3 C) O8 iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 F6 d/ S# y: s6 |, M% @
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: G0 w3 P. L6 X$ Z. V
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: x" k$ `# A# _% N. }+ WmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ E& ]% t, E; `! ?) F8 w' y0 bThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 ^) [  Q6 g+ g: b$ w; P+ b7 Hing frequent erections.
( c7 L2 Y2 m# K9 d' t8 H0 W, BBoth parents were again questioned about use of' ?: i8 b! Y+ _. }8 J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
  X8 u2 p& T+ }8 s; |" U2 wthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
3 D3 U- ?9 |" e1 \+ Q( yTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541& y  _/ V: o+ a( l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 R3 n3 m% L( \: [+ f' [, U
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 s8 |* ~0 u- k& n2 p* J/ w$ o' aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: _" V- c& ?$ G+ r9 I+ [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 ?# L  B8 o. J; K! q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' `  {9 |8 h( \  f4 zsecondary to depression.6 ~& f; M* k( B) Z+ {0 |
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
: g* J6 V# l8 E; AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 b, ^$ d% F$ {" L5 k6 ^chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( m4 m0 f( E! M+ t4 G- j# [1 l, `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, }% {$ U% e. `, b: N, {  j* [The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* C$ z: \  H# e& W6 o5 s+ V1 vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 R/ u/ x# Q/ K9 T! A' v$ Hwas high, he then read the product information
5 H8 A, T" N, _- r; ]& L- N6 u1 Qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 r$ G" U; a3 A- @: |% m4 z! Mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# I2 k: {8 I2 P9 xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. \: f+ a5 ]" nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! M" m1 {) z, R3 A; Z. qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- e$ }6 _0 q2 J: |. E
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 a2 j9 _( Y5 p) G6 t2 z
laboratory to obtain the test.
% x6 `2 ~& l$ [% |! uDiscussion2 C) V1 ?3 w, T: H. R
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- W4 h. B5 ]+ W  E" |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" w7 h/ F* p, T9 n6 C$ JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# [" t/ k' t4 ~) ?+ j6 ]+ w
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% {1 m, B2 w, _! y( U
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" r0 Y% y4 F5 _! L$ O+ D2 A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: @0 r7 d( @! V& f  U& i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% P; x% w8 ?9 N- kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 t0 s2 T/ T  `! `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: @7 I6 `* `0 T! n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  v9 }3 X! s3 ?: |' H
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 V. V$ h+ B' P/ G, L, Qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: n9 L' h. J0 m' O7 P' w
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; E9 L! M) Y; N4 s7 m% h  j  d* L
gonadotropins.1,3" @% b/ @( N0 d8 u5 n1 t" P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-5 h6 y; Y1 c7 u4 Q8 u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 k4 o6 E/ U$ Q/ Y6 [9 u, @" ?0 N* zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or& ?3 v, u8 T- D
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 O! n- `4 J5 q7 }# F. a/ Aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 X6 Q# T3 `; D1 i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 K* r5 }6 k6 O& E: g8 y, M4 Zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ [9 g8 L  K" V/ U6 Y$ l
puberty in boys.3,4
! g, U5 `* e, sThe most common form of congenital adrenal5 E* G6 ^5 J1 Z9 {" t1 t# A7 f
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) F1 w* v" r' e" k6 M- h; Q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- D0 j/ e; {6 ~: ~" T( S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 r* u6 A. t$ |2 v+ K" j1 San adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ A" k5 T8 x& Y8 P. G" Jexcess.1,3
/ G9 f' G7 _, p# I2 ~. r; Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* V1 {& `  q. x1 g6 D) M; k" Y$ Q
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: K- m/ L$ a) B1 C. k# VA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- C/ g+ @! o" u, T% u4 g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
; J9 \; I# A7 _! N% d; jas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) X: G5 O; |+ B- e0 B1 ~8 I, m8 V
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 C# Y$ S, X6 d6 w1 M" M
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 j  r' s- V5 F( N- N0 Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" P+ X; K# L3 A# {2 @% `' K* L2 [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, |. I& r. O! R# a3 |
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 H  |6 ~( W3 y% G+ [1 W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* [' x2 p4 O6 z- X: i; |) G2 k# Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 j& V" I7 n; p1 q8 ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 u0 u9 W. M( \9 {
males; therefore, other male members of the family
; R' [/ x9 X2 i+ Vmay have similar precocious puberty.3
, w: ?' g# C+ @# e8 L# Q; q/ BIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
+ O7 N% ?& F! f# a7 a  c6 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 B1 y2 m7 b  w; r; w7 H3 J
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- X' `, Y( s6 c& k( M4 @was in the differential diagnosis because his father9 Z2 e5 P  y2 A/ Z9 T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 G' V! L8 h0 q* {% O' ~' A! Ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 r/ [) p3 Y- x) ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 q! X- H" n' L' {
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 G( A& X( g4 P% Qbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! j/ {/ y7 ?' j1 _7 F
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ H) D0 F; H9 A: E; tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* U% Z/ z% j9 p# T" `4 N2 Bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( v# j6 V: n( f+ x" y& F$ M* ^
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 ]. E* l$ g9 M+ N! g
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 i6 H3 D6 s. n/ _) d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-, b+ v; R: Q4 z) @! N* s# p+ B
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* ?0 c/ j/ q" C$ T$ Z# g& `: ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) Z7 X4 ?0 E" Z' d* J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 e/ x+ Q9 k/ ]) X. H, q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, A& u5 Y2 o/ z' e; [# v- c
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. b; H9 ]' |/ K2 z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ |* N& L! I3 O; N3 j' ]
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.  c" W8 N3 Z8 l" s( M9 g+ g' y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ m' A9 y4 G% C7 Y  }) T! o; C$ Tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 _* M& ~" U/ z% a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% x- r% G6 z' Z3 t1 k, S4 Tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 G& D* j' O6 [3 t
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; q, A9 X9 d# X9 o) w- T+ l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% D2 \' J! L* T8 o6 j0 Z: f8 Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 w. }3 M( V1 U7 P! ^. l8 j6 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 k. v( @8 j# v4 e0 U8 Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 m7 P  g2 X  }  x( J
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# K; i% p/ B, E; {! Y/ Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ @" Z* Y  b% A3 D
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
& n* Y7 ~) @0 [4 O8 h0 f# j; Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in, V5 H6 Y! J! F8 J
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 S5 K; I. z8 Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# p' r7 V% {3 c, E: I5 J5 |
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% V; U% I  `2 Z2 S2 y$ C
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 t' w9 y* ?( J: ]+ [
adult height are not fully known and always remain, M4 ~* p( D0 _4 ]2 {# Q8 e3 f+ b: V* D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& w  x1 q3 C2 I9 Eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  p; X3 ?  r2 G7 l* |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 l6 M2 p& S$ Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# M% M! \$ b" R7 m& q* x' Q; Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
$ D/ T* c1 X& d+ ?; ?& aThere are conflicting reports and controversy, K: ]3 g2 t: F% Q, ~7 r
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# }* K; L! i: W1 e! D+ a' t$ \1 E; y
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 Q$ m' K' {# _2 D! F1 l6 g7 r
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& d1 ^5 B/ r: e6 U; w, a% ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 l  n+ a* a2 lSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ X4 n. R4 T+ _- w( O( h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 T3 I7 J& T" O" o! Q* S5 b6 x/ d
penile length in clinical studies.
+ C; v; w1 d* {; {! D) qNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ @! ], {! u8 P( ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 p7 i, X6 r" }& B& F! wtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% [" q& Z% [5 N# ]- h6 P! z# ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& T5 G  a3 B' v( r& jAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 V* P" Q7 D! c. {. j/ \0 [' b3 jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* _0 b$ y" s3 I8 L, S
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
8 I$ C, O5 v, w2 E* N% Z6 I( c! s9 Z& J- \height will not be affected.
  ^6 D) Q4 u4 n  |! z# i3 d) I  PAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 g; Q( }* {) {2 m4 h3 Y' gability of androgen products in our society may) E# }/ i$ X! Q  V! I$ m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ t0 W4 Y" D% n' Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 a& A/ L2 u% l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
& n+ v/ x. S% o/ G9 J; _% ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# Y# i( [4 C3 F. pgel should be asked of the family members during& q' D8 V4 G3 ]2 y9 F6 y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- h( ?- o' U& U# U& A+ K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- Q2 z7 {1 y  j) ^; G/ Y, Inosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 S3 u( K3 a3 `
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  v& ~6 y" d7 g
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 j( N1 Z1 H- w9 m9 V5 V( `5 q7 b4 ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# q1 c0 F4 V: Y  t! d
investigation. The primary care physician should be3 I# M+ x9 _' ]+ t' |! X
aware of this fact, because most of these children7 }/ k7 O* ?! x( L! Q; u9 y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 G' o$ K" B6 V& F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% H, y, x! |( {6 J) p2 d. V; v
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ U2 |* C& F: i
female child who might come in contact with some-
' D1 C3 V0 T) e9 |# @  \one using any of these products.
/ J+ _6 q5 a* N0 B. uReferences
; ~8 K0 R4 [# R1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& P, h! D3 m$ }7 g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 R( I, l; f' X! Y3 L8 s' W& I; O/ F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& b7 G/ q# H$ `6 F- n7 R3 U8 [$ N2002: 565-628.
/ ?) I# f, G; H( r1 ]/ \  v2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- f  y" V3 X( t4 P6 _4 A$ u& O: Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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