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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old ?. }. @: u' k. [$ R4 H
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 W( g' h4 Z4 R- S& K1 B9 Q2 F
Exposure to Testosterone
* B* Y$ W1 U9 O3 y1 KSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# g4 R' J; y0 E8 rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1) r* Y& u' d2 C6 ~
Clinical Pediatrics
2 g( G* H. y, `) J, l2 H' TVolume 46 Number 6
+ \. Q) I8 E4 f: HJuly 2007 540-543 F( h9 P/ s! Z1 o+ j9 A4 i) N
© 2007 Sage Publications
. g; ]6 X& @: K. E: d H/ w7 k10.1177/0009922806296651& Y+ K7 ?9 Z4 f2 _3 F( a
http://clp.sagepub.com
; _$ q+ R. _) n' A# ahosted at
- w; o, O) t5 Nhttp://online.sagepub.com% g' {7 e: O$ K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 W* ^6 s2 v% c
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, I1 I8 I9 @4 k$ m, h5 \precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- q1 f! v! f) B, n. z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! N; O: B) _! Y% Ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 j* I3 c; G1 b! g* B; f
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( l# | I0 X/ W& T* eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* Y2 N$ B- u/ V/ v
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* E5 i5 S& Z! E$ Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& I3 O2 q( E+ C/ a8 e k$ n, G1 A; n
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ E. V G% X- ~- ?/ uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 ]" N7 O; j% z. q. O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 E$ {2 D2 E$ l7 T3 ]* Dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) S+ r# }3 b6 b1 \9 a. W" Q8 s5 p, sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 [' e' B2 z9 K1 ]+ Y1 dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. t6 m* ?' T' m* g9 k6 n/ S# }child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 C- Y+ U% ?" E8 p; j# M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" n9 A8 d: [+ P. E* x% [bly more common than the rare case report in the
& R2 _2 h9 r- I; o8 B- j- jliterature.47 }3 `6 L7 F9 E/ S8 t2 N
Patient Report
- l+ S1 x1 r8 fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 S; ^# H8 T6 p8 A+ Kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 @, T) D" n5 D- v0 _) }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 p6 H' i, S H0 K8 I8 vlight colored pubic hair development when he was
6 j0 ^ W1 }* Y p: Q9 W8 tFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( p5 L; f; g: l) XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- e& h, b3 C! t5 L8 d y2 tAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
. S/ Q* g8 T9 z b, ~8 w3 o! lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. i4 T6 b7 u7 I6 Q$ p* @( n+ x8 |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ @. }0 Q& [! v
e-mail: [email protected].
; J# t3 V h F4 U5 h, p1 H! K# ?about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 J1 m% B, V1 W( s+ {3 A7 f% {darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& E. ~3 q0 e" j. R, r, b
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child, G0 {8 F/ U, l1 w
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 J8 p- F; M* N/ r8 {1 e" D/ Ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, |" Q7 \. }: U! I) N( x l) ^9 i, T/ F
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" V4 d) X& G* r% a- F9 ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 |. { K. n. [% E6 nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* J6 r9 M O1 W0 I, \$ `and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
2 n* ]+ i8 U+ owas age appropriate.
5 S' c% I! R3 qThe family history was remarkable for the father,: E+ ^: Z: x3 A9 Q# Z; t2 T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," k% ], R( i% F9 W
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
& E( s J: ?& m) vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ h4 ?( P3 q) Z' Z8 N# w2 e
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
( i6 T+ ^! l/ K7 W2 p) S3 `' u9 wThe father denied taking any other medication. The
( |$ h6 Y. q8 v- Jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* S# u& c/ X2 q- Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; F/ w, g' B, i$ a5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-# y0 ~ Q# V1 @1 r/ C, w$ t( G8 L8 {. k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: D0 Q9 ~" |) [8 `; Dtives. There were no siblings.; B/ {& x" K: ~# Z7 ]9 m
Physical Examination
+ p7 U3 K3 z; H. i: UThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 c/ ]( [ b0 W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' x! l3 g% E0 Y3 D9 n6 z5 Y# i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) B7 W3 V" f9 A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- w3 r6 q: }; l! L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- M# f4 M y4 m) j ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 j. Q' I* |! m G" Y' `$ l1 jthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: e( u+ E9 Q) ?- s3 D+ W6 X
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
( b X5 t8 v% L; zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# f2 o, x2 S& @% s( N- k
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& G6 ^7 I4 U9 Q) ?developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! r9 P0 w2 I" W1 x5 Z! v( w540
( Q; A5 u. G! j! }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 b+ X3 `1 _* |0 p9 U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 J% L3 n# B! \5 m3 W' V* `
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., M: i E) w/ x: I4 L9 E/ M7 Z; u
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ M! N' L- E! J
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- b. \2 O) O3 o/ y9 q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., z* w; h5 O' x* b* z$ a
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( ?, @2 j: }7 X$ m Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, x2 O9 b3 L# B6 nof papilledema.
' Q4 q5 ^: I) p% q8 V' DLaboratory Evaluation, c5 T* G8 G Y0 M" O2 n" J
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 X! ~/ w1 }* h( a+ S, ]
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. m4 B0 a' P3 f6 I d+ \+ r8 [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 `. t- [- b8 `! @+ a7 \5 k, L+ Mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 j( D5 L3 n" {5 b% n- E7 wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ k* ?7 |' |/ S7 F" c
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# h( z8 R+ I' ?( n, B+ \' s# ?
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 F4 O$ |( L8 N' `: Curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 e. q& Y2 I T rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
1 P; f, |+ _. N; A- w* uof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 y4 P" A" X) @. P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 `) I, I. V) P9 k7 u! M1 `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& C/ ]0 O, Z7 ~8 c& yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) r: J' P! h% R/ D( c; O1 p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 Y; _; }$ Z4 i8 i) V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 e- T6 V* g) T. ?/ F5 r6 R; Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( n J1 C4 e% w! D1 P: C8 otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; x( {( Z3 }( d" k# e4 X; I
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
M( h n% e4 a! j/ y( m" cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 O( l0 N; m5 K/ R4 G/ X
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. b( a6 |9 |4 X7 \stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone& u4 B4 @/ p0 s K) s5 O/ T) [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% P# C" u! a2 R/ V+ X+ A7 f
(prepubertal).
) d- W3 L8 }7 }/ J1 T+ oThe parents were notified about the laboratory" a& }5 U; \0 P2 I4 l) w
results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 h% N, {8 t/ f/ @0 \5 Q! w! {' [- Znormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 L3 P: d3 i' j$ l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, N, g7 J# Q+ N8 Y+ Y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 W4 e2 y3 K0 Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.! b3 N9 \0 m' R% S) E6 F* j' t
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 X' d& j0 ?) ^. Q q5 ~4 P% Z' Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 o4 n' y7 ~+ }7 t) ~- o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained ?) M0 r) q. u6 |' E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* j6 n: Y% b- t$ Q) ?
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 b" S8 o. a8 \/ J. b& i8 A1 c( Z
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 Z ^- O* x, E0 Q9 M
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# |7 z' R9 P) o. x* gThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" j: z; W [/ Ding frequent erections.
4 u5 T6 X4 H" L& C, RBoth parents were again questioned about use of
0 {% [' S# n ~6 s2 i. `9 b( eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 q/ j& W; n! h2 W5 t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" U# L7 a5 N/ m% s5 |% e6 T0 D* G* C
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) t/ g1 Y5 w+ o4 {2 ^! uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 ^& V" O. J" Z
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for I" |0 {, ?: p0 m S) T0 M! D
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# ]: |* A: i0 u' I
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-9 _ w' h. r" I4 G/ C8 p8 J$ x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- P3 E+ t! Q% G. j: m
secondary to depression.' T+ Y) l d8 C% |, ]8 k
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 t( F" R1 l5 N% H* A
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 p) G( M. w: Y# F" v7 q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 p6 i% }1 O: } X6 Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 X( L2 Q( w. y! I$ W( L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. W* J8 v4 S, {9 G' Owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& k) r+ Q) {. w5 {) `% P" A8 _
was high, he then read the product information
1 M. M( J- d/ Ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 Q0 I- a* d7 l+ N5 f
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 E+ ]# t4 n) y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* R2 ] I$ @+ _) ]father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, x3 X0 U( w& @' s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone+ r) N. y5 n# \+ W( Y* {% P
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ [8 S6 I5 b) g4 B r4 ]1 _laboratory to obtain the test.5 L7 s) c% {" O3 K, U
Discussion2 |$ q% k! j$ O& U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 |8 i1 ?; |6 W7 }2 m. Q8 g
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 O3 Y) r2 E* N2 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 K. `! L1 e0 O& a# f- [3 M7 _/ lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* k1 ^ c. K) Y6 }, ]: jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! k1 |7 p5 E+ \4 k" B7 i- h1 D
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% A, `2 J" X8 u' u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is+ R; B' D i* J( B, z9 v0 Q
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 _( V2 X5 i# O5 Z6 F# W4 u0 ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& y, \2 `& k, j5 f- A" N, G1 q: asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 \# v7 P9 V! g/ l# E1 |5 `& N
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 h; t3 G2 O) m. ^ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# e' t. w. y1 e6 n7 F/ A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 O% S7 I' e8 g) }5 c
gonadotropins.1,3
* v4 T4 y5 ^2 {3 z- l# VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' E8 j" Y" E; [! N$ u0 m
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" W3 n/ c5 \0 d/ ~7 V$ b3 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; S- m7 |) l/ z6 o G1 I6 K% m7 U# d* @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ R; p& x% _1 ^% o7 tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 V! K2 { O# C' f Q" n
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 b' O# i |' P# ~! |8 Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious" \# K/ D3 P* _* t! o s
puberty in boys.3,4* k: e. D; Q! c. a
The most common form of congenital adrenal; A$ ?. t/ U2 M9 E9 Z. J
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 t+ q1 R# p( \+ _ X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; ~% c7 m0 d1 G$ I3 ~7 K$ B& J+ q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 i2 {/ f6 V) ^$ f" }5 b
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 C; b! W+ B+ }- w& aexcess.1,3
7 X/ n* [% U/ ?; dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from m) [2 d! v1 y" _9 M n3 N9 l% E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* r: V# Q6 y) S7 @0 B7 H
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 z7 n0 t/ g) n' Q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, D; V9 Q! E, W. v T( Z- W* vas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% }8 F0 B2 ]# H) Mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 N& {5 I7 h ~" F5 ~with this disorder are full pubertal development,) X4 v* c, G. Z8 ^2 u+ e$ H m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 |! U! A1 `7 i0 R! T2 ^with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 e7 c) l1 O9 e3 v; h' x) ?are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% Z" V o# {3 G7 L3 @! E5 K4 x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
1 C5 \$ C7 [4 u/ X. f+ areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
/ F w9 Z0 ?7 K; r5 Dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only& v! y3 N- D$ W
males; therefore, other male members of the family
8 n) N# q' Y2 x' q% ?may have similar precocious puberty.3
) T" H, |) h: J0 BIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ Y3 T9 u3 G! Z; Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 Y* v$ E z0 \6 D# b% bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; N3 C2 |1 u3 ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
* U9 p) V1 u/ i+ r6 v( `7 l4 Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 h* Y- c; _5 Etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* G0 s6 n. M4 h+ f- y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ H2 x- x$ n3 x; X4 Xative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- H8 | ]! p$ @, |biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ F& g4 j& {2 I% \6 `! heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase a- |) A* e# R7 X H! i x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# i; F9 R- j7 e. O- v4 [6 ? {( e: K
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 \. q* D6 }1 N0 \; b7 q% QThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& D( L$ b/ r3 J' ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 f2 d. w# m; l7 M2 d& S1 j. v. C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-. j/ v! E* O1 E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 x# H: I" e, B/ x4 p+ h6 j* zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' w! M. o7 r+ Y; }6 [0 o0 Oterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 ~. _! M" B9 i
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) a) f* f3 {. p. \1 @ w2 CDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ }1 O3 X5 ?- b! K: z+ `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: c% ~/ L- m l# ^2 z$ e% {- [
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 p0 k. d" M8 ?8 r: ~; Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ ~7 |0 p2 O; e
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ n- A% V8 e4 I7 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( `+ ?: l1 ? _) L% Lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 W/ B v+ L5 I; a3 _. V" `, K+ |
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' p1 |, b' v& Q1 ~( f9 @& ^Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 @+ q2 _/ p& V: Z$ awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% }# u( s' U+ gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 u& b& a$ O1 C5 ~" lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' D2 X& d- S: `% {/ ^4 L" u
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 M) s- o) D1 y) I5 ~0 |: d3 D
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 }+ U' }4 b! {' p
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 i5 a2 ]5 L2 y; t# p0 }% Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 {$ j' z. {, d- ]1 Q( {" \' d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, D* B# A+ l+ _advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& Q9 r6 n5 G& Q+ NThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during6 S6 Z7 T0 Y' Q& d4 ~) B! w
early childhood on pubertal development and final, \9 ~ [; L: \2 m' z+ B) u* w8 V
adult height are not fully known and always remain% H+ a) b& |: ]4 i5 ^3 @8 S% @9 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 T. p# U7 Y ^7 H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, Z; l: V: b6 d5 J: w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 m8 w1 X4 c( c. m8 k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 ~/ s: U, E( ?; Y' ^2 ]
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 N, L+ d3 K! ^, SThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* \0 U0 [# I- L6 {: Z. a, Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! P' `% U5 H: r3 x) y/ e5 ~penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 {( m: q. l$ v( |2 n/ S' @
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ [: I* _# g' V6 l2 B: l5 c
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,# d1 W% w2 D: `( }4 Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 \4 `/ D. b0 O4 b) Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 |, p! g4 b! _) G" z/ kpenile length in clinical studies.
- S) s9 [; E% G- XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is2 F2 u& J: O' R9 Y3 P$ E% m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from5 o9 L* m& b; X' e
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: o0 t6 \/ {, k7 L* {
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." f$ z: @( A2 X- v
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& n) Y" k5 y. \ W! Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# o4 A3 { X2 w& r& M# Z& ^3 {' ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 A" M8 f$ d7 r$ W q4 a4 H; \3 Eheight will not be affected.9 h W6 q! w! S. \1 P$ L
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 o) t- g+ n/ u6 w: Tability of androgen products in our society may' b/ u. l! H- S& e7 w: R. s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. b- V& H: u4 V. P
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ G0 a6 T5 d' J4 [; x
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ b, l: c7 t- I5 ^3 p* b0 X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 X" I, b1 D7 X" D' R6 |gel should be asked of the family members during
' i: } o$ h+ F% G* Z$ Hthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ r1 T* B, ]3 {5 Z( n! ]. Cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, ]! O: K; }3 @" x1 |+ ?
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by z2 U( o' V* V% q) Y+ ]
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' n/ F/ ?: P$ I! D
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
k8 M" F* V1 I) K' ?' D+ nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 }3 o' ^6 \, t; b7 k2 D
investigation. The primary care physician should be& M7 F% _/ k% K6 K
aware of this fact, because most of these children
7 T$ \7 g5 e% ~9 f; }6 Emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: x( f9 m. w! o! l5 r9 KDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) L- s: |* f: _! D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% _- O4 ?, g3 J+ u4 b# B
female child who might come in contact with some-# Z/ y4 u! }4 y0 _0 l: m
one using any of these products.% v! v' D+ V: q# {) A ]
References
5 Z/ U- J( ?8 j5 J1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' ~4 T F; D% r# X, n$ N3 cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 C: ^3 {7 d) ?# f/ `( e3 X) Z! ]
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. ~2 ]9 A: {( B9 c f0 U
2002: 565-628.
7 T; L: x! ~2 i1 w% N$ A2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 W* ~% U" E k O, {
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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