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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- ~0 G+ e" U3 Y7 G  t7 A9 M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
, [6 d, q  K+ v0 nExposure to Testosterone
! M; n# ]. I5 oSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 m  s+ |9 F% N: t7 Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 t6 `5 Q& \, W. |
Clinical Pediatrics- _3 M: W7 b5 ]2 u; |5 t# U
Volume 46 Number 6
% `- R& I4 X8 n9 n5 ~+ @- MJuly 2007 540-543
9 n6 d# _! a, g2 S2 X% X4 O© 2007 Sage Publications3 {# J2 c+ F. o2 K* ^, ?) H# s$ H5 o
10.1177/0009922806296651
( D) l9 k/ G% ahttp://clp.sagepub.com' j7 _8 |, E0 q1 D3 q6 c( v! m
hosted at
8 z6 H, E# Q( P5 J& |http://online.sagepub.com) ^! |2 n  h% ~
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, T) @" Z+ d# g, C% m; q7 `  Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central+ I, Q& O4 L8 w% l/ _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 [9 i# a2 G/ O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! B  l: @7 ^! _$ }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 J4 h0 H. i5 E& T3 Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) C8 h7 X% }$ Q. ?
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 c3 J8 [# V4 T  p5 ~! q8 a/ Hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
, v) _  D% `: ]( Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% N2 V. Q( c- d; w6 [$ \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 w) ^; {5 V! Z+ g2 renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 w: x( m  v3 X2 W+ dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ C$ Y. y1 m$ q" ^- T: Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# ^$ T3 Y3 G' d9 Q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 P+ w( e  P5 A) t* Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* c7 \9 W/ j8 I1 T# Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( A; x( ^+ I) J$ x7 ~+ b( H! [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' f8 M* D! ^) |9 f4 i
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ ^: ~, f4 F/ I5 \/ _; u$ }% Dliterature.4
+ j: P. P& h: L  |8 {$ tPatient Report6 q" |# ]; q, [+ H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: B2 e8 J2 o8 t% s- `3 [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& [0 O, l, G1 F6 @0 S8 w" b  I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- v  k, k# k- J
light colored pubic hair development when he was; r: Z) q! o3 _4 [/ l  J' b
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 F3 D# n: q+ ?: W- r: f; ~South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 W9 [4 e* U+ C/ @7 g7 I. Z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- c+ W# c5 O4 k+ y9 JProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" o) J! }, x% ^$ `4 p# m; |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; j+ U( b2 l! ~# D1 [( Ae-mail: [email protected].8 }, t$ `5 |! O0 \9 b" f4 {, l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 S8 L! s% u6 d* A: k: _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) r2 F1 u2 Z4 M4 F  M# \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( D: \& w, c, m0 E/ K/ pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  _% F% x& {* @5 W" Q' f" ?+ n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 f! s# V/ t8 O' z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ {* V" k4 }) ^8 K, X+ z  A: b! bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with& j. {3 |" s7 ^: s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 L% k3 \. M$ L9 A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' Q. }" ^  _. o3 G4 R$ P# }was age appropriate.
" K- w- p" y% z$ i# ]The family history was remarkable for the father,; d; B! f( i$ O1 r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 S" k, F* p8 ~( i9 swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 J" s' v) A; l
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* C  L! A( _& c9 e) ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. s$ G0 g$ X) B/ R+ PThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- w( D0 y1 m! \% i# Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& d/ T$ {( S/ `+ C6 F0 b( N! O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 `5 n# v2 W* {; a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% k8 K3 A" r" F: u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 S. ?6 a3 Q" x+ C
tives. There were no siblings.
8 v0 F4 L4 Y1 n2 s  U1 d- S5 IPhysical Examination
% q/ w$ l' n6 p& @The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 r4 E3 G; t! rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( }& R& W/ Q8 y  x2 _a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 @4 s, @8 h1 \2 h90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- K2 r* ^6 e( D! V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 B4 ^+ _* A5 E; k, H7 m, j3 qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- a4 g6 L/ I  z5 J7 l; ^( qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- c1 N9 z, O. `( A" w. ^5 dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 f/ B& R5 }" H& t  Y! Z8 G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ `1 H( Y& _: \6 Y0 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( G" }( ~4 X7 N) ~/ \) ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ I( Y8 Q% N+ v1 @# R1 h- E540, A7 u, C/ p; A; a3 c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; s7 b7 o! Y5 n+ z* othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- ^" F2 C/ o2 T5 {, l- A2 ^- I2 ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 b2 X( b* r: ~2 J* e, J$ ~1 h& y: Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; x! _" b) r4 e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: j. B8 g, m( O
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- ~" m, _9 w/ y! ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# |3 b3 H- b2 Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 f6 S' i! V* N3 e1 g3 @
of papilledema.' j9 C  M# T* V2 b: h6 H
Laboratory Evaluation8 h0 a$ A( a3 u2 ^1 t' r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, k- [" f( a! t4 y- |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% E0 o) F7 V" k! U" D7 i7 K- ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( N' A: k' j/ _- [( J. S  h  s4 ~3 Ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 E! Q- g1 G3 a  K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 K; n  u5 Y3 d$ ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# |$ m! f& s- Q% ?" S: c. R5 G& lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 K3 v2 E$ t, a$ s+ Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; N3 L3 \. P  Q1 D: P$ s, {$ X
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 l# f/ h9 {/ W9 T8 s8 ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ W& e. ^3 B$ P8 ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ O) W! P) ?8 v! y$ {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" l- M) c1 }' w/ r; [$ s# ^
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, D. ?. f7 z# P, ]* y& ndesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to1 y$ Y: w3 }3 u( f* g/ e2 T1 g  L
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 `1 x+ D( P0 O' u' @was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* @# W/ l% g3 `6 x5 D$ _2 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 R% R; X! D* ~' j* o% G; d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, s. [) i2 X2 ^, G0 K9 D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- {- Y* O- ?/ E$ M* C7 M3 z& A1 u
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 M( z0 w9 u1 Q8 A8 }0 @; e( @% _/ m
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 o# w! L& S" a1 X, v  X* Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 u% T: A, D/ w" [# B
(prepubertal).
1 @7 }" |/ _+ A" Z9 cThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" E! Q% x  m# e4 yresults and were informed that all of the tests were. ^. h# l8 r9 S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 J5 D: i4 e7 e$ A9 qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: o$ }5 Y2 f# ~/ x$ H" m) w! @1 aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( ?) D6 P7 h) D; b  ]- V
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 p% O& x  Y6 D3 v* f" s; H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 K- p+ o4 O7 }2 k' X; b3 }
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 P8 U, n" Z6 U  h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- F2 m, K. ~& O) O3 U% B0 F+ b' Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 ?; ]8 q4 U# S- kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
  U5 b& S: i& ~, V7 V1 O, P9 Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. g8 |0 u! i) I  G  E* l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 l- P" n9 s, R0 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* X4 s5 U" J) ming frequent erections.
! k/ B9 l+ v0 _. SBoth parents were again questioned about use of* z+ G5 y. o  m) m* P
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to' O2 C1 P' C7 n. y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 V4 X6 K8 A' C5 p1 a" S0 _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 E9 y. p3 j2 d1 g$ `* X" L
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) l" p  E, G. c. G( @4 S8 x4 @
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 U3 s4 K$ R' V  \- s+ R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 H* k9 a; V' P; d3 cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ a1 |9 G  F5 |/ ]* c7 B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 `, R( S1 O' j( D& v
secondary to depression.) O& y: b' u8 ]' j1 i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  |& j$ p: U0 @" W" c  O1 m$ D, d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% U$ y7 u0 f' vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* g4 ?0 e. N+ G8 inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' o3 S5 c4 _2 R3 d! a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, N- p; v$ q! E
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 }/ t: {# y& k, Z
was high, he then read the product information: b! G/ f3 B) f7 L, X$ [' |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, K' }( y" ]8 o1 Z8 k5 x+ O+ Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 k6 ]& U- n- z8 \3 g
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: X1 Q9 e$ f2 h9 X- N+ s9 m1 W3 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, _. L2 Z5 J) `& \$ f, ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- q. @9 b$ ?2 X9 n% x7 Q  G
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 x1 Z1 |1 B! k- G, A$ R8 ^, e
laboratory to obtain the test.
: w; q% C# |0 n( zDiscussion% f" o, C# T( F8 W* [1 O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& E4 D; ?5 u7 j- y2 n( O( xsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 |1 s. V: b  L/ t* y! h0 B* GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 Z  B8 ?4 {% v1 `3 O* t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. w" o( l0 c9 I, p9 L& Lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 @# }- b  Q( t  p1 `% N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 }& L, D, Z  X5 d% D- o, \# B" Hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 \7 D* s7 i/ U* z' A" zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ p! L6 S1 K; K* O# B: `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 Y5 b; h2 l2 p! k8 }- hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 q+ d5 z! \" C* ]" g: A; uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 ^3 Q$ M1 E# T5 D; [, g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ o- e, B3 g0 f; k& P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) ]6 h2 k+ B8 K  g: t. F- k
gonadotropins.1,3
! Q# b4 t+ J/ ?9 nGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ [1 y& x" F0 {  h  \cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 C: J3 M" x5 [$ gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 x; i6 P" t, K! ^3 H3 sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ J5 _+ @+ X( h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 a! }0 c0 M5 r0 X0 G, v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( G9 |& ?9 i' k
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# g' Z' U7 f" Z/ r+ m9 ~+ o5 H: qpuberty in boys.3,4
, o% U! Q$ q* E: MThe most common form of congenital adrenal. o  [" Z! V+ |9 p& y4 \" r/ O( d2 m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- o" m3 d* Y) s4 n- Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) j$ R+ I8 |- V/ Y) N
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& J% W3 |, ~2 v  R5 R% ]3 n
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 N; i" I( Z8 e
excess.1,3
! G& ^5 w1 ^! G6 aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ j# V9 u% D5 q& w1 r# r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) ?+ a$ q# D  JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* v2 K2 c; H, i5 f: k8 u8 Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known  ?  k3 x% P+ x. r, o
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! g: D- Q* @! Y4 _; M0 _- z2 f0 mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys6 k0 M) |' T1 _4 ?
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& v7 L, N2 n6 I' u+ J- E
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" s$ K  c! Q8 L; `+ Z9 cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! n. w5 `2 r4 \; }9 E  P# M( b7 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* D9 P( l$ d. Z+ s8 K& i) Y8 Z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& S  y2 h* N6 Y# E! @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 C8 P" q9 ]9 F9 s2 \- s0 i9 lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ s: X6 G1 Q; j8 Q) Qmales; therefore, other male members of the family8 v+ o. f" t# k  m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" J2 B6 F& q* I! B1 P% @, HIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 a+ w) ~" |1 ?; h  esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: R) k  F  c! a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* }$ u) Z% A+ Q3 ]; s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 l) z. y: [7 O, o. x) fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* I3 _/ C. w; b% rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ g  _# n. G$ G4 W+ I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( C; g' t+ ^  b3 F- L3 b+ Bative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 X2 w1 ]  D7 L' s6 G* `
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ D6 N/ ^/ V- |; a9 v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ y1 K* x( j0 Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-3 N+ q' k- E. j- Z! o- h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., P$ O5 P& P) a, X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) i7 C2 Q" E% n! c! W$ Hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' l; p% W; E/ p' m; W& s( T3 L
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ D8 ]2 V. V! C1 Epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. w7 P+ W, b7 c! Q. g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 ?  Y- J5 {" k* B4 e6 `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# K2 x. h9 R/ G3 x& ?( m, w- D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 d/ h% y; X% n7 P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  w) v$ a, H( d8 V/ {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ c( M5 U& Z- u' A  [1 a! q. Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 d0 I1 J$ c; o2 T8 z+ ?! `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& \5 F! N  |- I/ U0 [: abaseline value in those females who were exposed to
) O3 V& c- ~+ a( n5 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: }0 y) W. ]5 L+ z, J5 Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) s6 \! ?8 j* ?
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., C2 M4 g7 |1 C
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( F  a4 \$ A2 X8 o' P4 X5 awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! u+ u7 h5 @- Z2 l9 Q4 ]# J$ Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 H' W9 B9 @; f6 f. q' qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ ?7 n5 `* u$ ?active in young children exposed to testosterone1 O. ^0 V7 T1 U  N! ^2 h$ l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) ~& \9 ]* P- ?0 U5 j3 h, Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 y  j- [9 t% x% Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 Q6 }" k7 b; f5 I: K' Gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 t: y7 |+ j) @advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' |5 i4 C0 K) i/ K- |3 U; U; S  yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' b) k4 j' y% eearly childhood on pubertal development and final! _; Z9 V0 U* Z, [1 v6 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain9 d! L- r' S1 Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ ?" i% ?8 p; m. ^4 F, p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, @  t, a2 W% ~. b# J: Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 R* Y& m% i/ j" N1 m& J5 t; |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ C# c" n* f2 z( k7 n- w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 A/ c8 f" N& ~" F% L! eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
& m; ~! w/ r0 M  R6 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 c3 {* s6 y1 n# B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( T, S: I5 J  u) p9 Jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ r4 h% S; j/ S; L* a3 G: j0 C
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ T8 M3 A+ e0 e6 @, l9 ?9 A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 G3 x9 l7 i* T4 i& T' @7 `1 Q- r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! p  a/ f" y$ H' ^) D
penile length in clinical studies.
/ x$ }/ u+ O# g' \5 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is  z! @0 K0 j0 C( k
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 L' O5 O* V: x) a% stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 m2 I( Q# l" ~6 ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 D! r$ E0 m1 Y, _5 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of3 J- R1 ~9 A) e  A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 z6 a# _, e7 o/ Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" y4 l3 S/ M0 }0 {; }& Nheight will not be affected.
, o0 Q- p2 \2 [+ xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 ^8 |' a6 \: l0 z9 A6 {  ]& @ability of androgen products in our society may) u7 x6 c1 j% T) [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ c, s' H7 e' d! ]$ {9 u
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 D0 }3 q. b, b8 V* A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% M* n) c2 @+ V) O. ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& N) }+ ]/ F5 N3 ^1 j  qgel should be asked of the family members during
' h: O! t5 z- s) j; |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% W. V0 H+ |, m% D$ S. bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 F3 w- t' R" k) C5 j5 gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 J/ Q- E! Y! X. A2 c
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: u9 {1 i. s, r, U( ?, [' L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 D  H, z2 X( ~& t2 p- d; C. Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. j7 N8 Z$ _4 `1 e7 Y
investigation. The primary care physician should be) O) v: w) r; C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
4 u4 p5 F) d" X0 F/ K* Omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 w, \2 x) w1 l9 s$ gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 e" Q9 }/ s( W9 v
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  J0 X# j" j6 W8 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-/ a5 u' X2 z# e2 ~7 L# h/ p3 O
one using any of these products.7 |9 o1 x/ ~6 l3 i7 I- F) I7 N
References* M- N5 t& l; B; o3 {$ }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' K& W2 ~# k& ?: L" r+ Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ D6 u! s3 H; B8 M  G' [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. G1 \3 H2 U5 J5 l0 d3 Q. c
2002: 565-628.
) q2 l5 b* Q2 v+ g2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' p9 j3 A# n5 F: w. \, x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( \  M7 o% M( Z, C- Y% nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 j5 \: P2 I& L" \! D8 T, T  C9 IExposure to Testosterone
$ l4 U0 C7 v8 S1 Q9 Q$ GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ m- V3 P% }  c0 o
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- Z# R/ G% s% P
Clinical Pediatrics' a* j& `# J) {% B4 E8 Z" c2 Q
Volume 46 Number 6% `! m" l$ v6 A6 J; i' S
July 2007 540-543& h4 g3 e" }; S+ W* {. `1 P. G
© 2007 Sage Publications4 \0 B; }* f0 U3 u1 b& B
10.1177/0009922806296651
$ D4 H0 r2 |3 U+ {, E+ n" Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, h% ?0 U& S* i1 ~hosted at
# I1 ]7 T; c% `- b& ihttp://online.sagepub.com
6 t  E+ D9 D' ]# K( `! ePrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 W* C$ j; J) s0 T4 f! q6 C0 \' l1 Wis a significant concern for physicians. Central
2 E, Q' l4 @; q; p9 Zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 c! [4 h4 i( \) i7 g  v1 a9 @  g& c
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) D) O; b7 w+ r0 z+ P  F, Y+ i( Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system  y7 W/ T7 `4 F1 R3 Q) \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 V( A; ?9 g6 d2 @4 u: d- k1 Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' T% ^! \7 a8 M: C
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-. ?# b# R0 t9 T( H4 z! u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% [$ f9 k2 T: L1 l. C
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 V3 V) M9 j( O1 b+ r% \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, A0 o$ P1 V0 R2 P6 F1 U" @0 mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& N% D$ ~5 `( f0 ]0 ], Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) w- N$ f9 [! w( Z, C$ e( F: U+ V; _
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' e3 i- O' l$ S+ B, Imation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( Z2 o. B* w8 u" ]' F- H
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# n6 ~9 ^% [, r  `# c7 Qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. Q* J1 [7 ?( ~; _% q" ubly more common than the rare case report in the
( c! E2 @; P) V% ^literature.4! q$ H: a5 F  _  ?, t
Patient Report4 j- M( X; h4 j: N0 k
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the2 h" l9 [# q# \, l& t% P* g
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ }* D$ A7 i2 V
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% g4 J$ g- w  H. D& U% i
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 Q2 g: ^' c9 e1 d% f5 ?
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% L; _% C7 Q5 Y6 hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 p( k: y' |/ {Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) Z/ l% B7 O: B
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ s9 s8 d! }( Q: vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  I7 }- R0 H! D$ Le-mail: [email protected].
# M$ @* h+ h; f; _: l) g4 E; v4 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: U1 N; o. f! e$ x4 |; D& s
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; o( H. r5 A) L* n# a$ y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* H, K! c0 X) j. ]* {' O; i, w% W
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  `" Q8 C$ O/ H0 {8 x3 e$ s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& \$ Q& @  e. r9 [6 ~/ j5 J/ J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( q! X5 u! u9 i/ {( ~/ s
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# G2 h' z$ _9 z. _solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  t- b: }$ }- q# }. }# T" L! land his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 j& N" b/ t3 F9 s8 k" O7 p
was age appropriate.
& d; L8 A5 ?6 {; X6 J0 U7 V1 _0 p; X9 |! {The family history was remarkable for the father,
( L) f/ c1 a" l4 l0 R4 d& dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: Q! s% t" i. `2 q- U4 B' A
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! Y& U: H: Z# n5 ~height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ L, I. @6 C% q: h6 l5 |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; B% H% @! F% t  L3 D* S% ~The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 i" G/ {5 D1 dchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ s% ?& b* _! Uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: g& S( n  U; }9 i( ]) g- k  o, K
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 o" L1 ~+ k- I& bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( ?6 s+ s, {. A7 gtives. There were no siblings.0 \  q# j, {2 K
Physical Examination
) D6 N9 O- ^' A# i1 M7 ?0 A. XThe physical examination revealed a very active,
: T  M& z4 P& x- h# ]; k, Bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; n8 B3 N9 l  p  g0 k) R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% x, K9 _4 h: B3 y5 @6 f  e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  f. h) \; R5 k( T) F9 H- Z8 F, C(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 a$ `; h* C3 S/ P6 e/ Z+ qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ r$ M  H2 B1 |' jthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# r, f- Z8 |5 m+ C) y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
% j/ C( k/ f& L- _enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 Q3 F; @( `& `! k
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' r3 s# J% k  X7 j, L' t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 g3 K+ c3 K. |( X3 e540% r3 v$ z( g! }5 E1 }: Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% ~) |0 ]4 ?$ S# D) |3 t0 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
& E  k! T$ L" w% \. e5 m; Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
: [+ R% D! a( D$ Y9 dThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# X3 l3 s+ i1 f8 U; G4 J8 w5 z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 t4 e1 L. m( _8 y+ e% Xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 e$ w# `0 M1 r8 E4 y8 I" ]: ONeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 ~. y* D' ~! X+ ]! \9 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 O) o# G$ H8 X, o* f9 _. ^
of papilledema.* b( s; T3 \5 x/ a+ h5 J6 C( }
Laboratory Evaluation0 q2 B: x2 \  V  X6 E
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ e" ~0 I" v% N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ U- o. s! a$ ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 F2 A' q4 Q# G$ u0 }: B8 I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' R+ c* h9 B3 @* v9 Dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ `5 r5 D: G# @lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ \; }9 I9 Q/ z5 rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 R6 _6 E5 g( U2 G/ P0 S, v! w/ Hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
+ C1 E) f9 n3 Owithin normal range for his age. The concentration- ~$ e5 {' L% Q6 c2 T4 z: j; q, W- ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 ]' B- j1 |" D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ A5 b/ W, {- `9 X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' y! |) s' `, ]4 _terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),  z; \' C. L2 Z- @
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 v0 M0 i5 e4 q$ X6 z4 P49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: u* F' M/ |. X3 W# ]: U- Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
0 c& L4 l& C0 e# p' _7 q/ utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 |  _, H$ B. O6 z. Otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," Z% V3 d+ q$ S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( N% |, c, {/ F9 L) p3 l5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 V$ q* ?$ }, s7 J: @$ a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 j+ f4 ^# |& R/ t. f5 }, Aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 s$ ^! b8 k0 ]
(prepubertal).+ X4 o$ M0 H0 Q5 w0 W: D: n
The parents were notified about the laboratory3 m+ e, S* h5 ^/ v5 G- i- |  a
results and were informed that all of the tests were$ t1 g) r. Z# [1 r2 c1 {( I
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
  A6 i8 U6 t+ U4 v5 O! ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" c' z9 O3 N" z8 w$ i* Yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-/ B  \* ~% P, A+ y  c% j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, e5 [( C, _; DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the6 Q! Z1 L# H4 x% b, ?1 Z# E0 N
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 q: n% H& o% V2 r( _8 E. U) k  H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 y, _) ~1 J6 s- \* m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-6 }; b/ D& @1 O7 Y& V. `% S. X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' E( B2 I4 c, {; m: c" [2 {; |- sthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* j- B7 t- y; C/ u7 _mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& H7 r; }4 K) t9 z4 b' t; [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 R9 x/ Z' _+ P7 W6 ], i' Z; Iing frequent erections.
+ Y  P8 t8 G2 V' E$ m! d% u7 TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
' W+ M- G" d; f5 nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& `! m6 }& U& y( z9 ^the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. e3 k/ t, w6 W# Q3 [, cTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
& r. z  X$ b3 ]. z" W% o6 j" puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- Z4 z" i! z' P8 s7 zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# c7 w6 O& t' u8 ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# \  w& ?$ _( H+ H& d
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 G. R7 r* o. r4 n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido) H; m7 X! I' |. o+ X: S
secondary to depression.3 D, g% D" ~) A  ]  `; q) c* J
The child slept in the same bed with parents.9 s( H% ^" ?# v% \& r
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, I6 y# \; d% `5 u% D7 @
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 }; n5 f  h5 tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
" @# K! K7 p) C* g% S& YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
6 g5 H9 R3 V; [$ J) h; k4 H0 G" pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 _5 o. v' t5 U# g8 a0 e7 ewas high, he then read the product information6 E) B  H$ \1 n, M# S& {. u5 e
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 B! r8 b! Z+ t( z/ S) json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 B$ v# q$ `' m( vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" K, X- p0 G( A8 U: J" Lfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' L0 H4 z2 f3 }5 C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* O3 _; u! [5 b
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, o$ X8 p0 \) x3 ~6 n
laboratory to obtain the test.' |# L0 f. G6 d2 I
Discussion8 ~  _7 U- r0 N; c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. \8 T6 R' R; R- u% |! y: }2 Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! m/ |! A; \& n6 d) [0 }" M3 ^
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; E0 f1 W9 }+ ?& s: Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 Z' N  ?3 h( }9 R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: P$ `; g% Q4 s) _$ G* Imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& N/ ~% C6 [0 @' f8 m5 t8 e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is/ v& Z* W  T* O9 z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 e9 z0 {4 K7 h& c4 f& j
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-. \8 C" o' {0 T3 j# I8 b7 I3 i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 Y3 F" Q* [) u6 {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-" r0 p8 M( l- G  g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; y- O9 m* ?- w# irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ ]! f8 X, y. J: I1 Q  c0 w& v* Q  [gonadotropins.1,3
; @1 @, T% {8 J1 QGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; \4 f1 Y& _4 z% c, n6 O& W$ W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 T6 F" J% o5 j
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! a9 O+ F) Q! X7 t* r& k! N# N$ pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. u+ m5 s) g0 M0 w! D+ u: y- M3 o/ h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 m$ [9 J$ x& E4 i: Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; |/ f4 Z+ Z  z* u0 L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 @7 d  I6 Y. M" S
puberty in boys.3,4
% i1 q% z# p: ~5 }2 K# t( q- UThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ D) R. a* o. c1 u( @0 |
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# o$ x, v7 E2 K: M* e, h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 s$ m) b+ j) h2 N: [excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) P5 w' W# L5 J* tan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! d& T9 v" Y5 D' J7 C- uexcess.1,3- Y" R$ R3 L( h! Q, B7 D! ?. Y9 d  Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 P  k) k/ A+ ?
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 C. d9 Z" U1 p: P, g( {$ j. O; _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-0 q. r$ r+ g; o" {. f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 y2 v6 v, V' ~  I" u% Zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 a7 Q9 l8 w) h+ D8 ~7 z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 B- j4 I' n+ Z3 l( k  Awith this disorder are full pubertal development,
/ n# D% e- x+ U, y5 j4 u( A& x5 K6 f  aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 ~3 e0 D/ r) M6 ~# owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( q# q) D% [4 D5 ?
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ D" b6 T+ c1 Q$ {; r  i* Fpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' w( m6 q4 I8 k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
  v1 F2 m0 J' Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
! R& A3 X) K/ x+ Y% @males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ s" N9 x# ^7 U" q$ }+ smay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 K' i) p9 q+ u+ [* M9 tIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) I7 w7 g3 J2 v& F! Z: ~" s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 s( K# K) y1 X8 xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" D4 h4 U7 V  y. t3 A9 l
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% r4 k1 ^  e% J2 I7 S' ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* P& J. Q, v# d" @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: v" L8 H: U. s8 i5 q0 d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 S4 c  R+ u4 K  d
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% c. w) a2 A$ _4 Ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ {2 N& l7 W9 }- x/ H* E' X; ]; _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; A; q1 e5 ^7 P1 ?  N. k9 _" r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; ?6 j+ U1 V# f- x$ J9 Q) {ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; i$ Q* C% }! D% ^3 ?8 j& @. O
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 K2 W' a* Z; h# G# H
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because  f6 v' {. c+ I, k+ }% L- L' x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  _. H1 o& A, S( H5 M! Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- f7 k" W$ z4 o! V7 ]decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! E+ v9 S0 L7 I& b9 W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 |& j: P* o$ d$ e& ^3 D5 lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 q6 l7 u. W: j: H8 B/ @Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 K6 X! v- u7 kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# R2 n) U+ L( Q, ~9 yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: \- r' p6 R# _9 VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 c: H0 X. Z8 _. e2 Wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to0 i+ c5 h  g! U' K% q& I
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: D. v8 R+ ?3 u+ }# o% ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 j  V; D) t% w7 b0 I0 G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 S' f: j$ J0 J( N9 Q, C
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. P- U' v- g8 C1 p) twhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ f( U) S( i, K. u4 i
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-$ B8 X  U0 S- G. C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: \: h- O8 n: s, a( q' u! O7 p
active in young children exposed to testosterone) C( F; p, `2 y4 W  O/ V4 j
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: m; h( N: W9 A- Y1 X; j0 Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 G7 {9 }8 G4 P: T% _virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& u; ^1 L: s, {
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 @, ]3 m1 r/ v7 x# madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  [9 k% X* E7 q/ p5 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( I) d5 ?" [* ~( s4 W3 R+ _early childhood on pubertal development and final
* D8 m0 v- G( P0 z; \4 zadult height are not fully known and always remain
* C# ?, |" `7 }+ Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 i$ t7 M( V3 G# F: m* kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' v2 K0 Z( M% e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 {  q9 H  Q& Scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 X$ d% l0 t5 r+ a: `0 @2 ~6 d; S
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ s3 g0 l" ~, L- t
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ K- ?& L  a" T6 Q' P* t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' M/ i" W" l: G+ S
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 _/ _/ U/ h, w) q+ H" madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) p" l/ [" Q0 T
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 N4 b1 x& {2 c8 _+ b" p, ?
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 h5 U6 }% ]' `& F, V( Q  _
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  S$ z2 \- |+ U) u$ v5 ipenile length in clinical studies.. r) o9 X0 n8 M4 C
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# A8 C! B4 L* v* v) R1 o) @
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 z' q# E( B& Q( jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- B2 S( D0 x3 _9 `3 A# d$ P6 Ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! z  o  c! s0 X. j5 h* H& {% ^
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& T5 f; ~  V0 k9 D* M+ ?diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( `" m% C# J$ a/ W' qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
# i: F  z# r6 c/ O; L0 zheight will not be affected.
# n' I9 u8 D( l+ v. h" jAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; u' R$ E% b. q. b* f
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 w9 U' u# C. c  G- ~- ]+ Bindeed cause more virilization in male or female& u% P" U8 q7 F" O
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' D- B6 H/ @7 ggen products must be considered and specific ques-
6 s6 V8 y8 r9 k0 ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 x! Z% Y7 w& u' r7 |, ?  E
gel should be asked of the family members during
& e, i; |9 S) kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: J9 u5 H9 m. j9 c/ s8 v- V5 z0 g# r
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
* X( W: ^' ^* M8 Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by, u/ j% |: s. Z% h: E
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- Q+ T1 i) [" a7 T3 t. H. t1 ]2 Q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' I- H' R$ T# q/ h# U: D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 E- n0 M1 m3 d7 K, p, Hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be. ~. a. p' [' s! t( U0 S+ P5 `
aware of this fact, because most of these children
# j# q6 R/ w* P& [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% S; h+ c& q6 \5 h* Z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
. V& `2 Z, E. Z! t. ?' W2 zwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ F3 A8 s% J# h2 P, p
female child who might come in contact with some-+ Z: s9 K$ r+ N$ O0 c
one using any of these products.
3 ~4 m. l$ u4 x( s5 }References
" z/ \* j. P9 _: Y  m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: ~' s/ V; ~, F5 E. }  ]
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ D4 F1 |( f7 L; bEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- G3 y% y. k! e8 }* T1 v6 }; v2002: 565-628.+ O9 B, D. `3 A1 s. d( _+ C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" h' [2 j3 i, H2 z  A9 B0 o8 cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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