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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 Q  s! R0 L! P' d! |
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, Q9 S7 \  v& j4 N: C: X
Exposure to Testosterone. C0 z4 _, s9 J2 C( K+ K+ b! E4 X
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; ]' t: N: W7 \6 t+ u6 l& Xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD11 f( Y) C" E. x* k$ C
Clinical Pediatrics
. ^* u5 T) `$ t3 _8 R+ SVolume 46 Number 6- V! h" U' b5 ?+ Q9 a
July 2007 540-543: D0 D6 O8 m  C  s- Q# Q
© 2007 Sage Publications; }" ]$ L/ j% b
10.1177/0009922806296651, k9 Q: |4 D2 o' Y
http://clp.sagepub.com
, {: ], ]5 {; G3 W0 H7 k; m4 g$ vhosted at* |: A1 b2 u! Y8 w6 I
http://online.sagepub.com4 i  E/ p+ d8 @0 c
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) n& v5 h0 H# C. ]
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 q7 J) ~) y! P+ U3 Tprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  H9 D7 t9 B. w2 e; a0 j* Z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 r2 s* i. B) I! V- l6 B2 Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system- c1 h* X8 `2 ?2 h( v. O# \
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: E8 x8 Q$ @6 H7 x  Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; ?* K$ S  O% k/ n+ ?
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* ^+ i$ B' I5 p! O! ?( ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, G' h3 o6 ^% ^3 ~3 \' |6 p7 E
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! o9 u8 a) D2 aenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 H- U4 p5 T$ E  C6 z: @
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 A, I+ |6 `; u% Vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 w  a' f5 d8 P9 ?, h
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& |& _3 C6 v1 g% W& W7 [( u4 X# amation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! y9 o) }* N9 |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 e) i- H+ b6 Z8 t" Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& d  x! E% ]% N7 m4 o4 v# J( u4 h; [
bly more common than the rare case report in the
; Z0 u" L  Y+ m$ B$ ?7 D' wliterature.4
) Y$ v: Y; q+ b" _" ^Patient Report
0 C: R+ G. o, c5 qA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 d: z6 K  R. u2 ~endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ J' T% Y2 k- q4 a# z% y& m6 f0 X' t( jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" C4 k  ~. K  z& plight colored pubic hair development when he was2 U1 C6 p) x$ j% W) ^
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% A; ^1 R- N5 _( F! ~( ESouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 \2 _9 q4 I4 f- q6 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- F+ a; o2 z' G+ H5 s- b* rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' H. t8 H  h, s- b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; f. `; M8 J: A. P  m$ t. re-mail: [email protected].
$ M$ G# B  U3 j5 ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 O0 q3 b) B3 d* Jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 ?9 T/ l, p; N8 d4 \2 H- w  l9 @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ p8 Z4 C6 w) l
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  i; y! I) Q* K" \) b* `a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 h6 u! `% u( X- W. f2 R$ n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 [) t" e: S, ^$ S% R6 O2 i! H
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 F0 N0 ?) w& z: F
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: M4 A' J2 d) ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: Z, M" l, w- P- m' M" {3 owas age appropriate.
/ F4 a, ?7 O0 Y5 \) J9 _The family history was remarkable for the father,# B; M3 m/ H- M3 Q6 X0 g9 R
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 M( r, K0 W% b. [# G5 X2 twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( S' U5 g/ j0 B/ bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 c+ h. Y) K" v$ Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& q& i, j0 Z: d( p/ KThe father denied taking any other medication. The
& w! [7 r" B5 ^2 N  Fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
0 O3 k: j7 c' k: K. r& ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 U. C/ q3 Z, O) p- r6 l' n9 B" ?5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 u% D: }" t2 K( |7 w; b0 M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 ~, Z8 R$ C  P
tives. There were no siblings.  `/ k& b" `2 Q& N
Physical Examination+ B1 H: U, \9 L3 j$ Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ Q( ~# V, {- B) N: ]playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 d- R8 {; t: {+ q( fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( e" V% a$ T% D/ x' l1 @90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% i8 T0 W8 K! q% D7 U(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 k! d8 d6 I; d' ?velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ ~' U* t- @6 P1 k) {
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 W2 O$ P  W% ~6 E' W' V3 q* _7 UThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for# H; O# k! L. W& x( N! e
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: C* ~0 j/ K# D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# _6 Q0 c# j  _% Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 D: i5 p( i, _. |8 I4 n540
, A* E$ e7 e3 H& Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, x6 \0 G2 W+ B. x+ Z8 q; hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  f$ Y" w7 c2 n" Ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 _) C1 D, }( E* z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 U4 V) Z( ]! k: f6 uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 N" E/ u& f: S8 _" F5 Xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 W$ U' {" t3 R5 \4 `- dNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' J1 K& W1 ?( a3 r% q, ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) i2 X3 Y- [# o4 R; l) x# ~
of papilledema.
# S+ _/ I8 j& w2 j- V1 NLaboratory Evaluation; H. Q! y. Q+ Z8 W1 R# {; ], O# D$ c( P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ u9 y% i1 }9 t0 Zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 N. A) n6 i2 I& [% O, S1 q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 q: C; d; z7 S, R& }, mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 E/ e; a/ `* ~* E" m6 s
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  m8 o  K% F: N! q* P
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 c/ f0 U: y5 S2 MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 F, h) ^" Z0 w0 d  [urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 M6 K6 j' s; }8 \" |# }4 jwithin normal range for his age. The concentration6 B" ?1 C9 b( l9 [2 i/ Q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) f$ [2 f4 l5 }5 g& H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 S; _8 ^! E+ T2 D2 ]8 |' Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- \; t9 k3 [3 y# w& eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 ]; @8 g. Q: Xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* l& ^  z# y' t# ~6 `! f. j; ^$ f49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ k; S3 C. w7 U5 J3 x; Gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 k9 ]0 J* E. i, U, K2 `0 ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% @! ?6 s, c* X/ N& X) I6 Z& j
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 v* Z5 b* |% l: Q/ O- F1 k, iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* M. l4 j, ]' o# B& ?3 {5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 `2 ]3 |4 U' z0 l: i
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ x* b) T: J- L+ h
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ `% W5 L6 F  O! g( f5 N8 S
(prepubertal).
3 O) E/ y7 r  r9 n% ]1 JThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# w* }0 K3 x/ [5 S* S1 Q1 R  ?results and were informed that all of the tests were$ ^% z: ]8 X3 i
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
  m/ S! A2 N; [# kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 k- J+ x5 Y3 x" ]obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( t- R; O7 X# E1 ?- ]ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 Z4 Q# P3 N# ~+ N! F( Z
Physical examination at this time revealed that the. ?: R3 l# |0 X" W* Q. w
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 @* q+ h( b$ v! R( q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 h, _6 y, A: y3 n# }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. M! _, Y; h* E/ J% a0 f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 M. d  i' D& k. h4 p$ dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 a" r9 q7 b$ N/ C7 @, ~9 v; KmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ r5 w7 E0 o/ C# D
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ s2 A0 D. G& D- _5 ~8 i! i+ y8 Xing frequent erections.
! Y+ U7 Y/ ]- F$ }8 `9 R7 r2 ]Both parents were again questioned about use of4 I8 ?" R) b  S: d  }7 J7 F
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: n! B; ^( m( ?& fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) g' {: V5 |& T: s: uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- ~3 l, I! l8 Q6 ~% e: g7 muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% d" @5 f  b8 ?/ Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 |# m7 E% F" H# I- ~2 a2 G
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 [( k* m: j. [: f% Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; m; n0 g4 ^+ O1 p$ W
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido) b( Z5 d3 `! i, W% u# k
secondary to depression.
& E1 X5 B* M3 L! _" E7 d( \The child slept in the same bed with parents.# u' U7 V3 s9 H
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 U0 L( i' }, h& gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% T' W! _7 J. c% A! `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% y6 h! M0 J7 w9 r4 F- b+ t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 C8 A. l/ [1 c# g/ i8 p  y. k. S" xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 M+ }0 @7 l) ^. ]9 w1 E" a( n- x
was high, he then read the product information% y, \7 q+ Y4 M- ^* @5 o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 |* S2 ]& P" L
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 t2 X( B( z. m. i# K
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 L8 ?5 a- B3 X( mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! R3 N9 R, s, t/ @8 pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. y; D9 D. ~. j9 W: b/ ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 `; K7 P3 q! m% o! j- Z% o
laboratory to obtain the test.% \# k# x& A7 D1 W6 g( G
Discussion& t. W2 ^4 `9 \# @+ m: f) ?5 U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) R3 c2 h: Z* ?7 i* dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; j' P( r1 U- X6 l
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 b' _6 n, q; ^- v, ^" e
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 @1 R! V$ ~) A1 Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: R9 [7 o/ r: W( X; Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- i! z: T9 W0 T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is7 K: M; e7 a  K1 N4 X* l1 e( G
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( \2 K) @4 J, h+ @
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
9 C4 F# f+ }5 k- D  l5 A- xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
8 g  P, N8 {. R" t  q. q( cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. ~1 B0 P. R( f% k, P: U1 V0 [ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 r3 @" F3 q; `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# I' K9 s" ~" z2 O
gonadotropins.1,3
/ L" H% u  [) i. r' v; Q8 g3 GGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: _) C, T0 e4 U7 ^: Zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- V2 b6 ]) m0 G' |& ]androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 H; o% Q9 }' d/ m# }0 j5 `
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# t; P* z: n2 N, u$ W
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; m; o( C3 Y8 k, Y0 E2 j* _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 i  c, h8 m( padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) _3 J/ E& ]1 ?8 \1 q6 G( ?: Lpuberty in boys.3,4
  \4 N! g! l+ l% c# J5 bThe most common form of congenital adrenal* V# }% z1 I- {! v2 P1 E
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ J3 }& |: r2 {6 b& V7 s  C5 Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 ^5 ~, i" H8 P* o& Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( V/ n6 s, [* v/ q/ T6 O% W$ ~; T9 j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 T* O1 v# _( L3 V% k
excess.1,3
1 q( U* i) E+ L7 |/ j! Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ O6 X3 v0 F8 Y7 u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ B/ i4 b" p( |, D) kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 \" b$ Z$ y& ?! X* `; a( i- S
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
1 [' y; H( ^, r( Eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& e9 |; k' ?- X: O# H
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
- \4 h- A2 a, c; g' P0 Pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ X' B8 F! ]7 r5 n
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! v  B5 ~" y1 V. J- s9 v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 n2 u/ ]2 A: E2 I3 d( a9 y5 g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; r/ I' ]# j) f5 Y  e% S9 O: lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 i; ^( a  h# A3 U) J7 A! |" oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked4 B# c+ @; ~2 {2 j0 b. ]
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' _) T& R) o9 _males; therefore, other male members of the family2 v! B5 @* \" [6 O; ]2 w
may have similar precocious puberty.3& f8 P( b- ]- e% Z: J- r
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* }1 R2 y8 ?" M7 X% \! q6 a7 ~9 T5 qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" W) W  D6 q9 z6 R. a+ b) Z4 lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" @/ a6 t/ [" _: \: @1 v2 R
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
; B# o- g3 H7 A: T9 d) Zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  B1 e" l! z) G, \8 `) k. ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the5 z# }2 \: x6 |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ `+ e  \5 M+ K/ ]ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" b2 C4 h; W' J7 ]3 R
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 F! a4 d: r) T3 M/ |& |+ @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 m- q+ }# E- b, Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. h) N  U2 ~4 J7 J" P! M
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 Q8 `- A1 W1 {8 V* T% LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! @1 K% t& K# n% w' d9 A' P$ s
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ n6 w- K1 Q# _% T% ~" x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' E9 i1 u% C- _  Y- kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 m! j; R$ w" B& ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 Z7 s1 g: H. J- z5 |
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" v+ ?1 [3 e+ |# p7 u6 L& E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; S) Z: h: Y6 W. r7 e2 X! Y; ]1 m
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 h# n+ x& Q# y! a
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 J/ U+ q( O' \2 }, P+ Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! f/ O" ^/ E3 k# R1 }! g' v, iSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* F, u8 m% \- K; g2 Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 n, f$ o" S4 o3 [: {4 V# Y5 N, m
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 z( \6 K4 `- n& k$ p
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' A' l$ R1 i4 O  n5 U% [: ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
$ h, J8 C. q% K- b8 P3 K9 w- n6 w1 gOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ \8 b' P8 U# @8 m$ J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 n, Y3 u% T* W6 S, R* e
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 g, h& ], k7 \! T# q2 `3 C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; M3 m* ^5 @) K$ u: jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
) m& e$ J% O/ z: o; \/ h, A5 Pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: e3 s+ m# |- h# x2 O* Qdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& e- @. @( G6 Q1 U# ~5 M' X# }
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: B; X8 o, ?' @9 z9 {& a  T$ Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
; g! }# g, p& b5 r/ Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 d4 z4 @9 h/ [0 B8 p; aThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 S! L) u( b% P" w
early childhood on pubertal development and final
0 q! e% K" O6 l( Qadult height are not fully known and always remain9 u/ J' R8 [+ w  Y& \$ w- ^
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. f: d' T' Q; F5 l% n
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 _! x* f2 m- ^3 v* l/ ~& ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; d7 K( E8 m6 C" p; E/ Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 e4 m5 k* w  g. Wdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* d) [- k& L1 h2 m6 _
There are conflicting reports and controversy- @3 j) Y$ [( H8 ~" P/ M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 p, p1 s: p+ B2 y2 |( X& [9 apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- M$ P: V4 B# B% X7 X% J9 eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 I8 p" g1 Y4 D, yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,- X6 g' i6 U4 Z/ ], K& f
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 }8 p3 L" ~  z  a% o3 m* A1 ~  Gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) t% F% B! x& }! g4 ]' I$ z: }8 E
penile length in clinical studies.
; i$ j8 W* a$ t9 k" dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 x& w- A$ o% n) S3 R
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, t' G  W, g  N- R: Etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because+ z: F  K3 Z+ @4 j
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" C4 @8 H1 j* x5 q& ^7 ~Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 {' V4 w. S$ T% V1 k# s6 Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 S8 K$ E/ g0 Othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: w' ~( B! n: ?/ i( Bheight will not be affected.
' A% V4 }' V$ y8 t5 C/ _Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 F' G) L2 _/ k# Bability of androgen products in our society may
/ s2 D! @1 U2 I$ iindeed cause more virilization in male or female: K) U* C4 v. s$ w# R  r/ c
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' _+ Q/ q* T  r6 ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 _, O( x& k( N. D+ Z* m9 ]- H
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) |1 c2 D+ \- y/ k* v' [8 G3 h
gel should be asked of the family members during
1 @% x7 s2 z7 Y9 g, i" ~, H0 Dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ D1 o/ q0 i) \
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! s5 m  y7 }# W0 I1 ]* Q, Snosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 `& X7 p, X0 D! R
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: \2 h3 s- M/ n4 X; q9 X
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! O- s% j. |- s, g1 mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ o% m  |/ l- I1 L: oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be: l, d8 N$ P2 E
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% b0 Z: L) J) Q6 ?3 Emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& g* b5 U0 {/ V9 n; rDesk Reference and package insert should also put a: Z" [1 K' O8 K$ ~2 m/ R9 f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% d! S. m/ l9 s3 z- L' D
female child who might come in contact with some-  X; L9 K( C* h; e- v
one using any of these products.
' X6 ?! i7 P7 D4 _3 O+ \8 U  IReferences) _  s2 ^" D) |  P% q1 [* q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 G5 k$ }, M" N0 H# o9 U1 ?! e3 p
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 i( Z7 k( _( F# REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
7 F$ h, _8 Y7 ^+ s. N# c2002: 565-628.% M9 Q8 C% P* r
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# b9 ^$ @1 Q$ e' L6 u5 U
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 e6 w# }! P" r& A2 z" u: Q1 X- p3 UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
, Z5 x$ I" y1 _, x9 hExposure to Testosterone. _& I2 ^# P, y1 m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" r. q+ Q; T. D9 [) e: n' m' dand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 F1 l' {  _3 Y" c: u: gClinical Pediatrics. [! s% ?3 l/ P. G$ F7 {
Volume 46 Number 62 x0 b( h5 r. B8 N' M' K
July 2007 540-543
% R7 }/ j) R4 ]' s" w  A" h& O3 j& p© 2007 Sage Publications
7 a4 q9 v; v4 Y5 o: ~- a/ c( N10.1177/0009922806296651
1 R% Y2 E0 r7 Q: q4 e9 A3 }* fhttp://clp.sagepub.com4 j5 V( z# y4 r  O$ v
hosted at* q0 R6 Y7 n; R
http://online.sagepub.com( W8 _5 d: X  w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- q- Q* a8 ]8 Q" z) [/ f6 N! his a significant concern for physicians. Central/ I1 [9 |$ ~0 E- L( Z3 p
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) ]  r" \4 d8 o2 B) B' d4 O3 |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' b+ ]' c2 g& |0 H1 p& K; ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; @! H& G: F; v5 n) y; Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 G) d' d* j) D  q+ d5 S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, a: }0 e* H. U  y& d5 mhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 P% U6 W! v& V6 i& u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) S: d* q+ N( N% a6 U3 q3 Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 {( l9 a, o; f& Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 S. _: z, m( w- m# w
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% z- D0 l. Y, `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; s+ w) A' S. y( ~! ?+ z4 ~the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ J! Y% r  r9 j7 y2 c9 dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 K% K& w2 I+ c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! H& a6 Z, s6 j1 Otestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- h2 ]( G6 u6 @9 a! ibly more common than the rare case report in the
& h2 z2 t' w/ ]0 O0 Bliterature.4
. r3 l/ m3 j; r6 lPatient Report
7 R7 n  P8 I/ ~3 ]4 YA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' p9 _- n7 l& s; E7 O! \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 p* U" N1 H9 B+ e! _3 }+ Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" x9 x6 D  J( M7 R3 Jlight colored pubic hair development when he was
' s1 b4 A- O" r. J' _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 I1 \& b0 ], M* o9 wSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% B0 o3 }/ q$ n6 |( t2 v) A# z0 bAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 ~+ i+ m3 j- N: I! ]5 P7 ^2 ~
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# `1 h+ m, u% y7 R+ Q+ g! w; a' UMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" {. r- ~7 u* w/ c9 h
e-mail: [email protected].  U( Q7 k. Q# G# x& u8 L8 S
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 E) N/ v+ N: q/ M, _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
$ K  Q: c3 b( l- Vment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) o0 N. K  p4 Z4 p6 u
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: g! {- m% u9 `2 K) g/ {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& \7 n) J5 `+ A% }5 B1 a, J20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
  A: ?! E/ W5 c0 vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with, a9 R, I  k% q) z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* R+ n- A( Z/ a9 i; Hand his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 a" g) B/ V* m0 q
was age appropriate.1 {' k+ U& w3 Y" `0 m; n1 J
The family history was remarkable for the father,
. ^4 M9 H$ X2 Y6 r5 T! twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
2 I& ]! A" Q$ `7 M; nwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
7 C7 N3 Q  W9 c# L/ v% R3 Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! g9 g* \3 r: X0 R7 ~! `) Aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ T2 f$ u* c; J% F" b- Q( U; y3 X  [
The father denied taking any other medication. The
& Y# T9 M1 K0 N  q" jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 W+ v: }- G1 rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. E5 f, H: |' j" a- y% o5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
  D, X2 u+ o( b0 l5 ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. Q' }' w' v5 F& {  w# E+ q$ Xtives. There were no siblings.; }9 u' \# M, e& z9 U1 W
Physical Examination0 `4 {8 R$ e. e0 z3 w* m
The physical examination revealed a very active,) E7 a  @& `( V# U! J
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 q5 I7 v5 Z% i# F% H8 v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. _' U( C# u  p( }8 d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( U( a" S7 P) Q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 i/ W2 h3 i8 K% A
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 k, D& R5 q0 ?8 N* Gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) A$ r$ A7 M% ^1 ]4 v; }" JThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* J4 a' G2 z3 @' [3 ?  y9 kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% W$ q/ t: i8 [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 e9 i. Z  B7 J7 H  ]  ?. sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 q/ _: b/ D" M! F/ J
540
3 ~: E* H9 h; z2 E% t* A7 |: Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" x: ^6 N' b9 F" }$ }" x9 b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# O+ q4 O: Z2 d5 j
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( G; [2 t5 F" F' iThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat8 S" K& q2 F1 O: n
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" P* K* G! n" n- p. a2 I& k; u
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ h: K& h9 r7 V1 {, ]3 [Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" R  ?" D7 ]% E3 a/ Xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, o+ E( T: l! `9 p" t" y
of papilledema.
2 {1 v" {7 d+ @' }Laboratory Evaluation/ l* H% C. r  i+ A5 R: i8 |
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' T$ p6 Q1 x5 l) susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
4 N/ ^' ~8 g, |+ J' @logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ q3 ^0 ?9 Q  f/ s
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 g/ V: V5 E8 {; ^9 Hshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, z% k% f- c/ L& M2 b% ~( slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 k/ ?% b/ W4 `8 r7 n: w2 jThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 A% s6 z$ I9 O+ C' W. p  L0 Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; m4 F" k  v- \9 @
within normal range for his age. The concentration
  I7 X( I) p) \6 x8 j2 zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 R  W, _% o% |0 I+ D(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; Y; t" b( J2 q( Z" w" U
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: p6 f% q, U  W; K+ y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 Q( j! Y1 t8 W0 t# z, ?2 M  tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ [& z& ~# U! H: i* n* ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). L! C2 C9 `* X/ @) E$ A/ b9 V
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 G% ?. o4 Z+ O9 M( a1 u1 k4 ~% ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" P3 o9 Y$ s- L( ?) |testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. i5 T. [; C( @7 p" O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: |0 S2 i% K9 Z; `3 A5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) m  f$ {$ r  k& k7 G3 I* pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* }+ {& H" O0 Zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 I/ p# w. u. K2 f& j2 }$ g
(prepubertal).
- m- L) c* r0 H: d2 IThe parents were notified about the laboratory
3 p1 s8 p+ x/ W- f% xresults and were informed that all of the tests were2 F- \/ C; Z5 g5 f" E& Q0 o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 U3 r/ n  `+ B2 F. Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 {9 Z% m3 T7 V1 w0 n4 E$ D: F' y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
' k  j+ q, d1 y/ Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.; t" ?5 x! r: G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, n3 b# c  i. K/ y7 L0 Nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* t% y, k# P8 k
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. f% _3 c, H! o4 t" [7 M5 h8 Eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 G. E1 }  o4 {1 j8 M/ q- }3 `. Spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 v4 {# Z) x/ Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ Y1 ?1 v' H: X( M3 F2 M( RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& J" E: |* [* Z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ g0 u6 O+ T% A
ing frequent erections.9 O* E* P8 _* V9 Y
Both parents were again questioned about use of) L% ]! s/ N1 V4 H
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) h3 @: j; L. {# p: h( lthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) d5 ^5 v# H& z( p( f4 Z% YTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( F: ~: [1 b+ f+ M( j" `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-8 }  p; a/ o, ^
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- w  T" C4 Z4 Q0 _1 Oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; ]/ Q( t6 y& d+ h" Y9 R. q2 t; ^to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ y- j% M7 m& ^9 @% t( i* i* C
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ M8 Q. h* V: Z* G) T1 f3 {7 _8 d1 z
secondary to depression.. P- ]+ S1 f- A2 ^2 f  t
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- j, T8 G) Q) k3 O5 h4 tThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 H) K3 |, V2 X& e7 p) Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 i$ s0 E5 R# M7 r  }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: g4 C( V9 v  L$ m. q3 {% Q/ w$ DThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 i1 p  }2 E' X* Q: }7 B! Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby: _) G1 [$ ?. T" y
was high, he then read the product information/ T  |) C8 B  I- i
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, w+ x8 ?7 m* c) P2 U$ fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they8 l/ f' u9 T1 \" c: [$ r
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ ]+ ~, }$ U; u% x: \/ l1 D! tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ K0 l' X) s2 e2 W1 V9 H
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 C' P. G& g9 {5 {4 ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- h$ w8 G  ?7 e. w! Dlaboratory to obtain the test.% i; U( a2 U9 F
Discussion
$ A4 B. |# g5 Y) R5 MPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 d5 I2 f) M# P1 e. _/ ~7 s
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 d9 ]! c( Q7 E  V# F  W. n' ~# q
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 I. u! D) w5 y* ^8 p2 B
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: R- I( ~5 j+ z9 R$ G  ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: `' i6 W8 C5 \$ \8 H3 F$ f: gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) k$ N, k+ B8 V; q. Qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( Y4 d& _9 S4 v* F# K9 `& A
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ X6 v7 P1 `' ?4 e. aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' N8 W- A2 d& zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in& z* V+ _: p9 b9 \8 g6 u
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' A, `$ _6 E6 n6 h' {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- Y3 `* u8 q2 W$ Wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# z. V1 k7 x  }  X* I7 M
gonadotropins.1,3  }2 k0 {* _" H2 a
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" I+ C( v. @8 R6 B) D
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 K  b7 J' h2 n$ l$ A# x0 mandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or& W/ x1 H1 [4 X0 D
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) K( d3 H( s! h2 u5 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 @3 I% c. m9 p5 Mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ ?) S! a' q5 A; s3 @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 E4 `$ m8 t  I2 a2 Y
puberty in boys.3,4; f1 W) T- b6 T* S" b
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- \8 J% O* h" n# M6 h  Q3 l( H' fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. n* G# N* h9 [  M, R1 c! IThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 V; M  F. v9 X: b, `0 Oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! ?0 \; o# F) S7 N* E- ^2 r
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) d" X+ A! l, U
excess.1,3  ^* _3 ?- ]$ H: N' Y* {3 a# M' X# \3 K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ v8 j. G0 F$ y1 U
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# `( ~& z* U7 m5 h, @3 jA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  e$ t% p% X, Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
; G" U4 F4 H" C, q. xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* @* T% l" l) Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
# p" w0 I" ]0 @5 Owith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 I- j$ v* {5 _0 l" Kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( K0 ^* r) z$ |8 g+ {& c+ Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# C' X) H' S( w9 j9 {& r0 }1 j' Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 W6 _* F  i) ]' O2 c2 \, |
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& L" B! s+ r0 m
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) x9 S8 U  G# y6 R! U8 E: N- D- Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ x0 u* V- ?' r' d& j
males; therefore, other male members of the family
& X! a, K/ G( B; P) Zmay have similar precocious puberty.3
- B" `# N8 V# g& PIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 }2 I/ F6 t2 j0 U$ _3 \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 e5 ~+ y* i4 v2 @1 P$ i  z% p5 Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 r: c8 B6 x/ gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father; b2 L5 G: f" @; C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  k5 X% h" L0 k( B
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. a4 \& X* Q' m1 l" D" H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# x# B, w# H/ E$ N, ~, g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 v9 n' P7 f# z4 K8 X6 f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; _; c* |# A5 n. t/ j- Y' Q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
' s% O$ O- K. \- v" C1 ~6 j  ]deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ i% h7 j' f: K4 x8 X% k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
+ \8 r* L" y% f+ P' b$ }$ O) f3 d& oThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 M+ \8 m0 ^# Z. esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 J1 x" T8 Z- b6 D: [" Uthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 A+ H5 a5 M+ G" ~# j/ Epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- x' J5 N% S9 @- n* A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 a/ Z# W8 A) qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ t8 Z( x5 \& J" I0 n
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 H5 m' ^5 Q2 m% B. _3 L% i1 yDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- G. P0 R! B+ A: y$ ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 t9 e* i6 G$ m% \7 A& t6 G4 b, K7 m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 X% m( k0 O/ e) X1 HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, S# }3 V2 I+ j! e) D( Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to, x$ [" H- y; _" k
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' [& P7 z3 C' V$ n* v6 ?
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) V0 W% a9 y( ~8 {
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ v* p/ k0 T2 ?* b5 k6 ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 Z6 j- ^1 V; ?( \0 \which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* A# l) X  M( l9 b* c$ g: ]! h
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' j3 s$ z9 D; |% p0 gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; h! K3 D8 Q3 h  x  s, r
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! z9 _7 {# x, Y8 @4 D# O5 @$ b( |exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" o! u' \# C$ h; T& q, mdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 B( U6 V* }, A  Q& I% P; C0 j4 y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 o( H/ y; H7 N7 x+ u9 }9 b( H  L  G5 ?; i) jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. n$ {3 t7 ?3 a2 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# S  l) u6 q: [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 L# J! v7 z- d/ L! j8 ]
early childhood on pubertal development and final9 D8 O9 ~2 R/ E2 F' u
adult height are not fully known and always remain: q+ w4 `  E! C+ M4 n& K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ P# R3 R4 F' s; Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% i- K  b! W7 y- g6 z3 x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! U, y# p( |  mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 s" a4 }) Y+ k9 B) jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( a, ]' n9 q" KThere are conflicting reports and controversy
  ~0 b& _$ S$ u1 H. u# qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( U! j) I; c7 ^8 epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 s! G2 x2 O" @  a4 u- hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ T. v3 m: L9 X; x+ iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. V1 V% j& q: T: R/ D: O
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
& a+ z' ~5 y2 X+ J, |8 R/ Y( Q" J$ J3 Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; p0 `/ c/ c7 {2 Z* a4 S
penile length in clinical studies./ k: E% k& p/ o% l5 R& A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! S9 P) ^% u  X% M0 ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from+ E: l0 W3 K' J1 u; q( d$ G
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 d5 q7 S3 H) X$ B4 dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' Y0 m/ ^# N# S6 W/ s# YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of% u' n1 p' C" ~1 `! N
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 ]1 E" e+ p# I+ }3 I' t$ W: k/ |
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 N+ H6 W$ o+ I0 k1 \, |+ q4 V" q( f  yheight will not be affected.+ ^- K1 t$ ~( D3 b- Y) |; F
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) j1 M* n0 q7 f6 c- F7 Pability of androgen products in our society may
+ @+ _* W  d- M" S" Qindeed cause more virilization in male or female) o6 V- b* n/ `1 K6 H) t
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-! H5 T5 @0 ~0 b$ ^$ I2 B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-2 Y; ]) c' Q" ~% q$ g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; J7 E/ w& G& j) Z- K: }) A5 j& V  e4 @
gel should be asked of the family members during; c1 m2 l* a9 X6 M0 h
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! G+ m  _9 J1 Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# k- g6 `& R# h$ K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by" V' I- p" E3 I# {" ]7 T& |3 `
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 H# g' ~/ N" F
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 E: f% \9 B7 G- }* \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 k2 H# s, g- O! S/ `investigation. The primary care physician should be
- I! X4 ?( m. V+ Z  E* @6 G& g+ gaware of this fact, because most of these children) S  ^# x+ r# Q- i( D7 A+ g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' ~1 h8 Z4 n9 a
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 e0 U$ A, A7 X# q. awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" K4 U2 }. d7 s/ v/ ]/ i" T& ^* Mfemale child who might come in contact with some-% ]) T( T+ }/ u5 j2 V# e
one using any of these products.% \0 q  ]4 j9 \3 ?. ~
References
3 M5 h% m, [5 j# w: Z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: U8 H8 b8 A# f6 j: ~% I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" f/ h9 L8 r5 B7 \1 \" d% C0 Q* ^  U$ QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- l- {) Q% a4 m4 Q* D( n* f0 ^2002: 565-628.0 A- e8 g5 }1 K/ T) j1 O$ X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ [6 x$ p8 `2 e! H" x1 K3 q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ n( e1 g, y3 D$ g0 E. _6 a
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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