WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 Q6 P8 l( i- p1 _( ~; Q: r3 aBoy Induced by Indirect Topical! \- y: p( a) _+ f# }
Exposure to Testosterone; V) D2 p8 f! \; G6 g# q) |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ U, V- X9 ]. g; J" A1 I$ p
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( [5 i3 O/ _% b& V- k$ s$ K8 A5 W, gClinical Pediatrics
' P2 X2 {4 A+ a7 |. N  P! p- BVolume 46 Number 64 b! s3 P1 J3 S$ o2 m4 m
July 2007 540-543
. {$ B/ Z+ i! ~) n6 s) g7 R© 2007 Sage Publications4 i1 _4 z3 }8 C7 t5 z3 Y6 p
10.1177/0009922806296651
) A" B" X( I" U% v$ `http://clp.sagepub.com
1 m9 E, V9 ^6 F& {) ahosted at! x8 _$ J' _% j: [+ N
http://online.sagepub.com
* p% S# x  i( ^Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- r/ V1 ^9 M6 X8 b' f6 J% ]is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( g8 h. {" B' H+ G# Vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# h7 B9 r: Z: N" n$ M+ d' Zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 w9 V9 w' B" V6 D5 ?a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) i4 b6 _; D% u- ]9 clesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( r5 O7 p% K: Z1 i& A1 r* H( V/ ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 m% ]! H* @1 P+ t, _7 t# p4 f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 e' B! w' `& F' R! O+ @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& X) B- z7 |( z3 W) C4 p
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ ]5 o5 J8 k: y  p3 T' W. V! Eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. \/ i) {1 p- c8 V( ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' w8 Z7 Q1 f6 E* Dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; o; w' f/ V3 l( A% I- w; X5 @9 Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-' a3 k6 D9 K7 I+ p- d
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' b0 b2 m& b7 _3 B8 U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 l1 b0 h: x1 _4 \$ J7 s; e; Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' F* @, b( g  z* N' Sbly more common than the rare case report in the" \$ D( s: |# A1 `0 X; A7 @/ D9 @
literature.4
" L1 F$ P$ @% ?  w; V! aPatient Report
7 c- x( `4 _% p9 q1 i' d' fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 W8 [) {  I. J4 r+ y$ B! t( J/ y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& ]: X9 O3 \9 Zof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% J7 {# i! u; r( Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was/ }+ [  H7 \8 i& Y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' s+ T8 _2 x1 d2 t9 ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.  l7 s1 O# a% \& K$ g# p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: M, T( v3 u' W: V" G2 r4 `5 o' H, C
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  A" C4 M7 }3 e8 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, b+ c; n7 _" V5 M! j7 S- Ve-mail: [email protected].
0 j" f$ G5 d7 i0 Aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  m% b2 n9 w3 @9 a- O8 m- f8 Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: X$ u; a) p! K0 n! z3 z& n2 @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  B$ T) ]1 ^: _+ [
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 T7 I* p) x7 n$ @& e& R3 z0 Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: @; U4 d" X  ?( B8 Y, T0 w9 g$ V
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 o  u1 [! q, r  M6 m0 u0 x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 ]7 c0 |1 m; r- o8 J! Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* H5 ]. n  T, J( ]3 tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 F0 J5 `3 g( y& S* B0 c
was age appropriate.
' u; ~( [0 G- rThe family history was remarkable for the father,! ~+ `3 n" r5 }% W8 _9 ^" t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 R) C7 M# ~" V% ]$ Q# l
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ K% Y) {0 J' o, [height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 S) _% B2 A7 E/ A
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% j$ y1 U) T7 z0 a
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 I2 E1 k" J% s2 Mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 C( E& m( j) G7 o6 }
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet" O+ e, U$ u3 i" `8 B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 H1 Z2 i8 t! ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 X5 u/ A4 b5 B4 U8 Y. R: Atives. There were no siblings.: ^6 h/ X- K* ^8 i3 ?# Z8 C9 M
Physical Examination
/ T+ a) e1 [+ o. S% s" CThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" E  n& k0 D2 u) hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( b$ G! X% I$ V
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! @5 g3 M5 s8 O) a
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' \' i' B% s  ^/ V; [! j9 i+ M) v$ t; Y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; I/ @* A* V' o3 [
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ E( o' M2 Y" g) m) Uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# u) n9 e( E+ U" a! E
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 k: h/ M  G. h. e3 J4 ~3 d; }enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  `3 k4 H, [& h( ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( z, P) z, W+ e' H- @
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 m* T4 E$ m7 Z+ a8 b2 V) Y3 i540
5 P$ {+ l5 I- X; v) wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 o, K* h; L8 V) I! S7 c! b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 h& X2 L" `$ P' O% {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ c  M0 |9 d. S5 W+ R% cThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 x/ g  b% k+ j* G: W0 boily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" W4 g+ V' V0 z6 ~9 Y$ U& {0 C7 Z4 _
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.) S) w7 M1 z2 n
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, X4 k4 q- b4 I2 ]bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ ^3 N: P/ R/ W' Q0 u2 \) P
of papilledema.
0 X. Z0 O7 [5 }" I# A5 z6 vLaboratory Evaluation
4 }0 R. Q  Z0 \/ b7 O! H. Q  kThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by( s  K8 {3 e) @! i6 }% d
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 [  N9 g% |2 f0 Y. K2 s3 l9 clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ v$ d3 y  D: G0 J/ Z. b& Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. W9 ~6 b" [; R# Nshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 Y/ a6 I3 C- l- G0 X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).  g; X7 g3 E" B: K9 D. x! U, ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) L% ]  R3 q- Y" q& T; p6 `% rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 ~6 y5 Z, o0 f/ U! i( gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ k7 e) h; ^- W& _9 K
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( }4 `+ [( L; P4 S% H( m) P(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! ~# Q6 q9 z/ ?# M0 K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 d9 P# ~+ m/ F, vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( ~( ^* `* y/ S6 u+ w9 b( |1 @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- V; a4 a( m2 X' g* G49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
5 w4 H4 _4 u/ s2 rwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 @* F. W  F7 Btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" w* q) h  y2 b( o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( q' P) V% t' z8 I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ i3 q+ T. I) \2 }. E# O
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular/ h& O, n- }+ H" E9 z6 z' c( m
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: |( D  x4 m1 f2 B
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 z5 T+ r4 w* q: p$ m* g
(prepubertal).
% G5 w+ x" [% I- o( x8 OThe parents were notified about the laboratory
: i- _+ k4 P; D/ C6 [results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 U. K9 O6 |& E5 {- cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The; s" T8 W6 @( L1 k" R- O6 t
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: \7 B" o5 O8 |' Q2 Y$ s/ n( s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 p. u: p- E  i, T- P. u
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- t  k/ G/ w; Z, q5 `1 L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( O4 k& U+ {0 x$ f
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& G! l( X, f) L: F& A
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. B1 L/ `4 X2 n  q% ]
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. f; R3 o7 d& x6 I' v
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) k. B% g4 h, B: k8 K. ]- F: Hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ p9 g; {4 l% T0 ~0 P( [5 \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 T% w2 s) D1 }$ t3 {& K* r, h+ F
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& @5 `# U' H  R7 }6 {
ing frequent erections.
  t( I0 t9 A. X. M3 d  f& ^Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 x4 j4 @7 V0 \any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 f# m% j1 v8 t- D8 k% M9 A/ ^& O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% s$ p3 b8 C" t. \' F, UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" e3 V! I+ }) a- B  b$ {8 M! yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 i3 `8 j! @# d7 H- o4 c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- W' l1 `5 Z" G$ Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; f: C8 A4 P/ @  c9 o. V- Nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
* I9 ~9 l# \& `( M# X* nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( z- ]7 J( A' j+ ~) Fsecondary to depression.+ u) |& j& _/ L
The child slept in the same bed with parents.- {( _. u% C5 B! ?8 j; v2 Q0 s
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  k# N6 a* r# r9 F( ^5 schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) u8 w* D: U3 V5 O1 T) S- dnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 }, ]$ s3 [% P& ^7 @' k0 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ q8 t0 t0 ]1 [# Awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 ^& I5 T' k$ x$ n5 d; L# xwas high, he then read the product information
6 R1 j+ P  v  F1 cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ x- b( _( o2 l- x
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; Q9 U" ]8 z4 G  B8 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 ~( j- {6 h, E. S+ }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( U. D, x( }4 D: |! A- g$ _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  U  r" @5 I) o8 H  ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
1 E4 D, x7 V: ~. f, `9 r# alaboratory to obtain the test.; r, K3 f5 J. j+ n1 I
Discussion) D) |* q4 @0 }. e7 y( Q/ m
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
# R2 d. A* ]7 a0 H* s; ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; U: r) W* g7 T+ _6 H% _/ d; V
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 u- Y- n0 r0 p" i( J6 T8 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
7 s2 k  a/ d8 s; u! D% athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: N* H5 R# z4 b' W% {: Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP/ x0 E1 y% C( T0 c6 n4 }
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ J; F7 |: y, m) C' F! \, V' {
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" G9 S/ @; v2 G. L- |/ c) yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! t% {' J. N- i# jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# V$ b/ q4 e; E  A* C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; p6 N9 V2 l% \: S- N  |7 T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, ^. G+ w' ~' \8 N  q: U! Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; d6 ^- R1 e7 k: |" Q/ Y& ]
gonadotropins.1,3  c7 _; Y5 }: J& d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! }- P! m, k2 q7 k' i$ M- e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 M2 T( M0 f# p# a$ ^* X4 B/ sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( N% m: T+ ]" `( u8 z# B7 y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 z3 x: n  p4 X7 d  _" Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" L' g3 t% h" u& @& f; c% P2 N# \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, ]' H! u: E4 J" [" n( yadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, n) v# a" x5 |; e0 ]* a
puberty in boys.3,4; w7 X; ?8 q0 V8 K. G+ H7 b- f
The most common form of congenital adrenal- B, M& W: K2 ^5 A0 R4 V8 ~8 o
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
5 m+ g; j4 n+ T( kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. c: k, t% |8 `& G9 Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# B4 p" x* W) U5 m* V! b7 c; ?  e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 u$ }; y5 z" U! p. ~, kexcess.1,3, V, y: ?9 x+ X5 L& q1 ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* J+ W+ ?8 m! s1 m
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" i$ |* }7 Z3 p% I) M" X! t
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ o/ v  j' F) B+ h& i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 O3 z, J6 x9 f: `* Kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( K5 G7 h8 S8 H0 W9 j) lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys: W8 E1 [# k5 m. W! S
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 _: X8 m; e' \/ U. L3 Y# J+ \5 h/ cincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& [# \7 F- Y7 j
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 y! X3 i1 s1 b/ l
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
7 ^; V  D; ]' f( }3 X6 Jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 N4 W3 R7 u/ O" r0 D' k  x- Y8 A" c
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 U; ]& N# u& n; Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only; V, h6 q5 i8 ]  M& B
males; therefore, other male members of the family# A  N' f: m9 X& u  O3 g
may have similar precocious puberty.3; A, y8 h! O: q9 K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& W! S0 G+ A  `; B& m# V
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% G" ~1 C1 Y/ e) G) Kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- W4 d' @; D7 Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father- W' U, w$ _$ h+ g2 p; `0 R7 O
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," Q3 t& |* a/ q& C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# A& o3 D3 J5 H/ k+ ^7 |beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" O- i5 \! j) T/ k
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& f8 _! E9 ^* o5 C  ]9 f. h; t8 ]
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ B( Y* `; u# W$ p3 w  b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 t5 j) f2 C( B2 \) W' [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& @" V5 s0 ^0 W* I- x
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
) c% m- g; u. j/ K2 ]) E1 L2 G5 v. J$ `The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  F: E" g2 c9 k8 Ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  ?0 |. P, k1 ~/ M. c$ }' A+ s  @the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- ]7 d+ @) E3 p8 tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) R! Z5 m" r; r& R/ S$ S4 S+ ]1 w- O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 r5 O7 r: v) o! @' E/ N
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; m) k5 t% ^, I
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 F& I: ]/ b4 D7 i8 Q- |Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! c7 G) Z8 [% x8 S! }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. i9 R) {& a# iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ @8 b) N; v* L# z! p' tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. @4 T$ i( j" e6 Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, w( X  ]# X1 N  o3 X/ y/ V: K4 p. t  deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# L: M+ x2 w! z' o" Q3 L
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 Y, f3 X+ r1 }# Ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 i, e$ R* D, a$ L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 t4 v  ~- t' ]2 l2 f; swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 @7 n6 M1 O% h! gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  |6 A, C! u) G. ]" ~! N9 _terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) R1 z: l  D: |) ^active in young children exposed to testosterone
& x% c% B" P  F0 [" b4 g& s1 yexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( h6 N' L* b, U! J8 W" M4 |, r3 f
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- k+ I! Q8 P; f6 [1 _6 rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in5 S7 C3 k7 U7 r! Q$ M* `# t2 S
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 L; N* o& d) y4 `5 F1 R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  O$ ~" k' U) A3 O0 [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( p( ]: J) E: Cearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ X1 l& r2 V4 o5 M0 r6 p5 o. Uadult height are not fully known and always remain! h4 }. t2 o- T5 {
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: Q( K* L1 s' T0 }- O8 y! kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 i4 ^/ a( N0 [$ d/ K. r
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 Y) E1 Q1 G, r8 p7 i1 o7 S+ fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 N. D) ?# l, e# O1 g+ edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 f! ], n; S( J4 S- [
There are conflicting reports and controversy
1 }0 L* v) ~4 D3 D' V0 gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 v0 A# w+ x5 m+ d+ {2 |  c& E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 W3 l7 y4 G: }2 Z) H8 y5 W) Iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- O# Q+ Q: K' `2 G7 [0 ?5 H. @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, S8 H$ D$ i6 @. O: g& l5 n  b) j: k) i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' T/ z, s8 T( d( W
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ R# r0 F! b" Q4 N7 jpenile length in clinical studies.4 g* t# i2 C: Y) W  a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, f: u" Y0 x! X2 sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: }) f9 g4 C3 T5 x% z8 T* a) ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; E3 b$ Z" Q6 q+ \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 s7 l8 @2 s8 P: q' v' B1 J3 {
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of. C0 i' B, |0 s* O# O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 Q) l, `' `9 d% ^) z% N4 ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. S2 g" T: i# Z. D& Y4 qheight will not be affected.% g6 _8 Q" g1 p2 D/ j: b; d  S  A  a
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-0 \. `) }  p6 I& W( o4 G# R
ability of androgen products in our society may+ e6 r' L' [0 x5 ^" |0 Z% a
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
) g0 K5 @" F* N8 p+ X% ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) S& j' q& K3 f+ A2 {0 Igen products must be considered and specific ques-
! Y/ b3 u2 S$ dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 d* a& Y, q' B# G, v  W0 z5 O: Q
gel should be asked of the family members during
2 _& ~. H% W$ X* \/ Xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ U3 s: J# f* i5 Y8 t! F% iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! j" j; ^" |% R) A. m. [+ c2 hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ D0 i+ ^1 p( \2 t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 y  Q. K. \( l/ U7 A1 {. thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may. p  S* p" ~3 o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 Y9 p# ^( S$ e( w1 x
investigation. The primary care physician should be
# b) b# X" N3 ^aware of this fact, because most of these children- I) z8 v' V! w- V! @2 ^% x
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- w0 e9 g5 B/ ODesk Reference and package insert should also put a7 ^8 `. X4 K' A% `- h8 d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" o- |9 f* w+ f6 Z4 jfemale child who might come in contact with some-# w% n9 n" h: ?1 I" b7 L% d, p
one using any of these products.
# R* X1 q5 i1 ^) Y& e' SReferences
+ U- F$ H8 v7 s% A# w2 Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 X5 r/ r, ^2 \7 E+ o) ]& X, oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 x6 l; j4 {. c6 SEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 ~2 }: t6 U8 Z; z. h
2002: 565-628.
' @$ O$ a& E5 n7 F; ^2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) Z: F* h1 ~0 z2 Y5 n- i& v, C, s. Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 T. I, `% Z4 r6 P' M4 L+ T4 s9 FBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( @4 q4 S3 V8 ]+ w
Exposure to Testosterone
1 B% f$ s  l2 @$ _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 L3 W5 K) F7 w4 [- xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ N) }# f* K5 t
Clinical Pediatrics+ Q: K( M. R) a+ p# p" I
Volume 46 Number 6
+ G: b: C5 V6 D& f9 R* rJuly 2007 540-543# S1 W5 h% Y" s" K8 h/ v2 w9 z
© 2007 Sage Publications3 C" _; L% T* H4 D' s
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 l. ?9 W6 o" bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
) Y8 b3 ^$ L6 Q+ l' Z0 _hosted at
3 X% B; }/ i8 chttp://online.sagepub.com
- A* l. v8 N9 G6 ?: cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," P/ g. b$ f/ v7 K4 w: o, T
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
% K, n* w6 A% h  x; F2 |% A3 Wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 J) w8 X' ?7 \6 T% x0 v& dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 z9 T2 I" [, R
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 X: z5 R) I+ {8 }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: N' ]% g/ f8 I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic  Q+ u# d! q& x0 d- o' a8 T" x
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% g' Q& l, n8 V; [" a* X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) s+ m! k" v/ h0 k- Z! n$ N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 n. T, z) F/ a2 f, c! @$ \( y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( F$ t1 O2 R. I. @# d8 c2 g9 N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# b7 }/ S  r. A4 }$ {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 A4 Z4 Z6 f! f- Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: J! C3 [9 t% u: H5 a6 q0 Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 C* ?- {; m" v# J1 q& R, L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' l* k6 `+ t9 {, V3 j& Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. u# w, V5 N" b6 t2 ]$ F, P8 M2 ybly more common than the rare case report in the/ [9 U; ]  }) o* z7 P; x5 z! p: {
literature.43 m$ x( V% e/ k+ Z1 W; t: _
Patient Report
3 J6 h- @: P0 @  i8 lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: W* O2 d  u9 b9 M9 S% m2 jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  Q) w' G2 {) @4 u8 H6 w4 N
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 c4 f. K; h  }
light colored pubic hair development when he was
  K* i4 N5 z% h& q+ m+ ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 J4 }4 P4 e5 R$ ]! D: u8 n
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 z. J; ^" I' ]* s$ \- OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, R% x& T2 j7 S: m6 P. A1 D* hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 l4 a: i7 P3 F' ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ Q3 V6 T% }5 c" Y) A+ ^e-mail: [email protected].# n' s( P6 \, K$ i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% u( D2 I1 A: {! |* O: ]) y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) L+ {  {; X* O; A1 d$ H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  a4 t% _5 k2 `  E: L4 U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 T$ S0 i: Q: W  D
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 d9 O4 m3 m/ |; o+ @, i4 g# V3 H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 E, Q! t& Q7 E! P2 Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ _3 f/ x3 Y; s8 P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 Q9 h, Z0 D; u. {! i' Z- ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" {% `+ C  f' z) y3 y) I; hwas age appropriate.
1 d) ]9 A% G! ~The family history was remarkable for the father,
; F$ N# t! T+ p1 T- X% ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) j, @' m, y% U. _  h$ g
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: ~' K+ K0 ?/ S2 e2 |3 vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 m& W: y" }+ Q( y' G% |3 I
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# B( O7 R1 C0 L0 U" w7 P
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 b1 y/ S" ?8 H. `( I6 V
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; M" `) A" b  g+ ~+ L! awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 o- o) L1 d8 n  ?
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 Q5 i7 q: v* Ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 x# |$ p5 M* C: _0 q  |tives. There were no siblings.3 H% X! G; V# F
Physical Examination; y5 t" F; I; M1 q8 H2 q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 L- r5 O7 D# E7 G/ m+ r$ g* Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 i3 }2 @, `$ t2 C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, w3 [. g) _: c  t% ^$ H! P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. x6 R) N0 }& E* L4 i& Z  k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 A( E$ L3 H$ |7 S$ f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 B& o" ^/ E5 a9 wthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 m2 X$ ?5 m  a2 \/ x' b9 bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 ?/ m; P1 W* fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; `: J. L/ q4 g4 V2 [* ?7 u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  P2 q) [& g- kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  ^& j- C( m7 z7 U& w7 |
540( M& w% q) Z) Z) C, [! R' d1 U; Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. ^  k/ A% c! u- i: j' d0 S3 bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* n0 B" V0 {7 D" I9 P, Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 b- E: N0 W6 p8 Q4 ]3 l4 K+ NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  s, C4 u! O$ I3 I; S: l; w# A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 I9 f* I6 v! Z. @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 b# |& n  R; M( G2 {4 Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
4 _; P5 k7 S% Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 ^6 q: {" v: O2 p9 G9 T! ^
of papilledema.- Q% ^& ?' i+ `- m! r) R
Laboratory Evaluation* |8 p" ^. C3 w) T% E1 D$ u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 w6 n  V1 h1 q
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ f% p( e$ w/ J/ C2 h% F8 W0 y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) \% _6 }. E1 q; ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# I- X- b+ W% V/ f% y' }$ t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 u# }8 W1 ^7 E5 v& E# n6 r3 d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 Y% `5 K9 N7 Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
, M- e8 `) A& a& Turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! I* r) L) W7 B& Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( m7 v+ k" r# G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ `$ h# ^0 {$ Y& @8 ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ k8 ]2 [' N2 P2 D1 ?3 ^  u* u6 U( N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 v# ^$ ~( @, P" N/ B- H- d
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ U3 O* C: p! z: V: i# {# ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! l4 P4 i2 Z& z6 g3 t, \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 l( I, [, F+ R# {& ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 J( C7 X: Y" V" K4 y; C3 v8 b
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 w/ P( u8 l4 A  v' Ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 m( ?4 k9 g0 S! U" aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" U; F7 Y# J( }: h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 [! M, V4 _. q/ V) Z$ @9 vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- L: a9 ^+ U* D+ K! N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 \: b/ s) \4 G1 e2 B3 X$ d) i) F; |(prepubertal).
0 E3 B: D& e& `) m$ K# l3 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory9 v3 U# Y5 p- f) T1 @6 ]$ a6 A
results and were informed that all of the tests were# s6 p) {, X5 }6 J% ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 o7 U7 p: i; W7 c. B7 H" D1 l* ]1 p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 O' ]# N$ p! Q6 [& ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 k: D* {3 @& x: v  l) Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ C+ B4 r$ X, t& u* RPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ e1 R6 c, {" i5 i- ^9 nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; ]4 x3 y3 c+ ?% t) }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. M! }, [, e2 Z. k# @
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% E; T4 L! p4 L6 o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 F" Q9 Z) d, _5 E  b9 S! |6 W4 @, q# a/ n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: ]8 N7 c$ P# R& h% ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 N  x. C, z& w2 l( m9 F, ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 k: A3 T" \+ S- _
ing frequent erections.4 q: b1 p' _0 l# @6 l: y
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ ]; F; [, ^* r& V+ `7 R5 `% B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! W6 F, f- m" T% c# F6 N2 W: U' a. C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" ]% f# X; }7 X9 H2 j$ Q* z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, m& g1 E) r$ @9 W' W: t' c  Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# Y4 O( e2 |4 J$ q  ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 u3 Z+ E. s( G4 `6 d, ]7 h8 z1 Va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 p/ M/ \+ }9 k; Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 X" ?( ^4 k' \0 G" J" j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. D1 B( A1 D- |/ asecondary to depression.7 Z( {# g& F9 z0 V
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" T& W0 D7 T* l6 t) d: Y9 R& XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 _, r1 T2 a# G5 R* Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 s2 v& H9 R0 A% v! C/ J) H: D
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 R+ y1 g4 y2 e$ oThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) m! O3 f$ }! d7 [! N$ T& ]- W  V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; B& i6 g2 |! L2 E  y3 ?! lwas high, he then read the product information- {' L) v3 v" E+ O6 o% g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 h7 {% |# J' z" w) a& Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: }* p" g% @; X& `; M: ?+ Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! S2 p6 s& Y1 X5 r- Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 s6 G; Z) f! P) dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' P8 ^, _7 P! O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  W) ]( O  Q* x, e5 V$ olaboratory to obtain the test.( |* y) k1 L! `
Discussion& a& h% m: S# b! _! ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( W" _  g, X5 c1 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. ~9 n& k$ ^/ m. P5 h6 W
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 Q/ L" \  C: O6 A* \/ D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! i/ F, G2 p  `+ R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 h4 d+ E* h/ ]& y% E4 c6 C, W. @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ ?" ?7 k3 g" x+ q0 f0 p, x4 i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 \2 |" C  _( }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; S- g+ b! |' `9 L- S  M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% ^7 H. v0 Y: G. E; q  ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 v, Y# A$ }, B+ C6 P) [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ B% U. Z, }, I, [" b3 jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( C% D$ f6 W+ j$ c) l& ~2 E/ K( O% b7 H8 Hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& x; @3 J5 d+ v
gonadotropins.1,3
9 ^4 D: j$ [7 W- YGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 s0 ]" V# \8 `8 O7 d  w2 jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. Y: K+ y5 J0 u. ~0 |4 I: T: Handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 p! ^8 w: U7 q8 `3 Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 ^! M! d) O" t) O% a1 _$ E" dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. ]8 I1 g4 U4 G% P# W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 B1 Q  S2 |" W. h  Kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& U( ]& z9 e! H% B
puberty in boys.3,4
0 w5 q: I. _7 B0 ]The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 S' `; z+ d$ ?9 D$ `4 yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 H# s& T* }: b' G0 v2 i% dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 `# ~2 r: n" Z$ @3 i+ o; m3 S  ]. T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( U+ @' Y7 }2 m9 c: u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% D  x( S% S5 j1 |: p( `excess.1,3' U* y6 p( d5 {& r$ {, o: Q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 y/ |! y; z  d  L- S% f) [- y+ R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& e$ k* B* [) B+ E" A$ `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 J1 Q6 I* o3 R: O3 hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% |5 v* Y6 d) H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ ^: J7 G8 N2 A6 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys' W, X' c  B: o4 L
with this disorder are full pubertal development,% S8 f. n* [( |% g+ U9 P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& H8 x- j. o+ }: n1 |' p2 u4 n* [& h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" n% Z  f2 W3 ^/ zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 l: H4 J9 a8 ?: v2 ]
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  a0 Q0 N# y+ U4 d* {, U; w2 f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 V/ V3 Z/ }3 y4 d7 \autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; u/ k, [& W2 w7 D
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 C1 A. }* u# k4 S. e& Kmay have similar precocious puberty.37 C6 D+ Z9 a6 T) P) R# d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 T7 D$ Q/ N- M5 q. m1 ~sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* G8 E. I* @* a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- i' Q4 n! x3 i2 O% a1 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ x# d, m  r6 f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* d% o: G& _/ q- }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: G  l7 j& o  a5 q" n& q1 Wbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 U" Q* S( i0 w4 x6 jative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 E4 N' i- h" {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 A+ ]% [6 N$ |# w  w5 g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; g3 w+ w: L# z, K1 h1 J
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; @; E6 R% h4 s$ Q  J+ a( t
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 j  R2 a! Y9 \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 G  c! h8 |- t) \1 O% s0 S. p
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" M; l, q" z9 K" p. l# \+ v- ?7 p. J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 A5 Q4 e+ y( i4 r+ mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' o( u. p2 Q1 c) d% c* x6 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* s% X5 i, W4 h6 J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  ?" Z5 G' S+ ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 X% A7 K: Y4 z0 @7 G4 r: KDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 I0 H! B# [! N; Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 m; I: I# |' w  W& l# Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' r$ s9 o% l1 g" |4 j0 TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: W7 ]) K6 _, R6 f, a
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
  i( z; v: w2 reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 p+ U' X/ V3 c+ I  Opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! P- C  g# U5 P6 n) Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- Q+ `! k9 G1 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* t9 ]9 ]' C8 A. C) r  r( a8 I
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. a! e5 Z4 s9 @1 A& ^7 @
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, ]& ?$ m$ m# d# |  Y) wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 N6 T) k* N& G2 Y7 C1 ~4 O- w5 ^active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 ?& X9 X5 z; W" L( ]& e1 e$ n) W, Fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* @/ N* Q  E$ `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 B0 r- l. I+ u# ~7 Q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 y. ?5 U7 A2 o( v" e1 u" ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 i7 P( _. \0 n) ^, p+ badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% O0 a5 V6 L& Y$ w; t" @4 AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* u1 U6 {/ k) \  I' qearly childhood on pubertal development and final, S% K& @  B6 @. n5 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- n! `: _; J: H$ c$ Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- @( {" I; m. K7 G1 t9 Fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, n% q; M' w9 y! iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ u: F: [0 X8 B  W* V+ W% }/ j) I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 Y: }1 s- P9 Y, s( [2 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' a1 N) R( `9 M1 W% u( N1 NThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ ~5 ~7 w+ j/ V: zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 u! |, }; b! n6 l. I8 F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ _- i7 D! N& _# E5 H: O0 Aadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 _! z; n, w* C( w0 R  H1 `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 ~! o1 w7 O6 L* r" H" l' `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 C; [; t0 e0 b4 o+ R. H$ R1 [- o( t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, @8 ~& g" \7 G7 bpenile length in clinical studies.& F8 X2 c& o/ L; a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
7 J) R/ Z$ g: e3 sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! E! M) r& k; D( x) ?6 }2 t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ y2 c5 B7 |1 C# D/ W9 Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  x2 U% {, @% o( Q& y3 `8 mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
( y) o, }  R4 j1 K2 v( m; Rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 Q( S  z' o5 `4 K7 Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 M0 G: a6 ~+ z+ Y+ theight will not be affected.
/ f, V1 Z9 C3 n! ?+ o! cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-! m4 Q+ W& C5 ^. \2 ], z  i
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 K( P. O1 u9 |6 u* b3 x$ i& f# xindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 |0 g6 r7 l9 o6 c) M' z( ~
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 K+ e2 M; Z5 r, P; |8 h7 sgen products must be considered and specific ques-+ X4 E' W! L" y! D5 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  Y! {: B+ {& e) c- I
gel should be asked of the family members during* Q5 z8 u5 |2 K' d. F8 u* k7 k( ?/ s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  b% `- s) F0 |) l( f
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 A2 H' R, q5 ]) O+ @  l# h8 Gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# ?# Y- r0 O( m9 m) H' D
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 k1 c4 _( D0 n0 [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. x! P& }) K# g& J$ {1 [  {- j( Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 g7 v  }# _8 V6 I
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 {' P6 J' u! y9 T9 J6 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ S# W( j+ U. a6 N6 v( n5 A) Rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" m/ w: x. z. ?1 R  H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 o- h9 \% B; q" k4 _5 D' ~
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 `' v& K# `% F+ ~3 m5 F1 r( tfemale child who might come in contact with some-
/ Y/ ^! }+ D: L5 }* C0 n% [3 d; t8 T8 Zone using any of these products.
. z; `) s' ?1 w9 IReferences
* C1 ], H* w1 c+ L+ h  A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 u$ z3 r, N* W" D! Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 O6 M0 b0 u  H+ vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 K, P. I0 `3 q1 G: ]7 A( ?7 X% J% H, s
2002: 565-628." x7 x5 k' L, ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. f" l2 J# `5 Q: E. v4 C( ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
1 p7 u% O, f; X7 W6 `* o3 M' R; J
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表