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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# k7 r. |2 N: k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 Q; l2 u0 s4 S. P$ \3 n6 R, C
Exposure to Testosterone- S1 ^- U3 E2 M
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) W9 X* J9 X* o9 p
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 ]/ _( `9 A1 h7 b- x7 {
Clinical Pediatrics) `+ e. e5 z( h% t; p$ C0 T
Volume 46 Number 6
( H' P" L& J9 BJuly 2007 540-5439 s0 b, E. ?( O" _$ J
© 2007 Sage Publications
& J* G0 b* n. y10.1177/0009922806296651
8 f( j s: ~7 _- D2 \0 L) J9 M Yhttp://clp.sagepub.com/ `# K2 ]( X: j2 ~2 W
hosted at; Z7 l6 ?8 `6 P4 m. J. w
http://online.sagepub.com
! A; u8 S- l5 H" i3 ^ J* k" lPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 d, L# ?6 X/ S$ K
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ @! D5 H) B# Oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; H- X5 ]9 f% E3 Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 l ?3 ?; C" Sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 M9 L' d: z+ u5 M" f; ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) S3 |9 \4 r6 i1 T0 a3 i
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' ^& A0 L' B! v2 ~. d5 m L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 Z" L+ g" |! B! E/ F- K# Pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ j6 M9 C& u/ ]5 K# L; X i) w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 T! R2 i7 ]# |2 D
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ q" w0 S, m5 y" v4 }6 D$ b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 `2 M" T% l( e
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 k0 p) E: N0 |! Q5 V& A, d! n5 V! F
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% } s/ u8 m1 g: umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' U0 o1 ?9 E0 [8 s8 @( R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' R$ N2 v, M F p; z$ Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 F9 x/ O3 v! M7 U" I6 tbly more common than the rare case report in the. Z8 [9 P" T$ ], a1 G! a, u7 t
literature.4
) U. G" o" ` A. l) O) fPatient Report) Q# R7 h. q! X6 ?; e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 W8 n* K% I4 H, `3 f* V8 X: x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( k* i: d3 `) A2 F* y( a* Z) mof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% m# w6 N( L2 Q# _. L& _2 T nlight colored pubic hair development when he was
* p. M% n7 N( }4 qFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ f! E# \6 Y4 Q% o6 @: ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% p% \% ~# {2 m# @
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE, m/ o3 Y5 Z2 p9 Y; Y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 S5 z' X1 w* S" J6 q- U% Q4 H3 g y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 i0 }3 S U' d; G) t) k5 Me-mail: [email protected].
2 O l, `* u8 [& }3 k% B; O& cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 \0 O. E# r. x+ R+ V0 ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% ]1 v: V. I3 nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child w+ ~% V' u3 ^; P1 J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' r1 v2 @$ N3 e- F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 a0 Q; @4 d% C
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ d- `- x6 \) p* T* j; i
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 l7 B8 `- \) ~; L5 ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. f d8 f8 K: ^, B( A9 X: M0 |: gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# j2 i: T% r/ p1 M3 O7 @5 c2 |
was age appropriate.
1 O' M9 v0 @, _The family history was remarkable for the father,5 @! ^( A8 j- b( J' w$ z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! E9 m6 Y2 n5 Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, A% C- T4 t) }0 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 T$ W$ p" O5 O v% u: ~5 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 ^9 ~& x' g5 w8 t- y$ z+ b
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 a6 D- y( k5 l nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; l8 V; l2 S. n" B, c+ G Q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 L: D$ o9 V2 K3 e& c
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" H6 b$ @% `* y% Y; w. R/ `
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ J% [6 c3 y% E7 S8 t% B* d( V1 [tives. There were no siblings.
* E- m. J0 ~+ |, u0 m" f: YPhysical Examination
) {5 D9 t& J; }! W; U3 `4 ?) oThe physical examination revealed a very active,: }9 M+ m i( A2 r- O- _ @( E
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& X7 B+ _1 M' \) R6 o2 l
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was { [* ?3 u b% h# T/ O, t' o. n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 O" ^6 \, `4 x C0 [
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 Y9 V5 J7 T3 E9 A" J' ]velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# d( F% r# E1 R: I: e6 G2 @( {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.8 D2 u/ V! @% i& M: w! n, H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ M6 ^3 Q# D1 ?. U+ a5 T+ Z v3 a. {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
. I( B) q1 w" @) N# ?. F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" L; K, t' m0 K$ Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 W7 H/ T! k+ r# I8 h) g9 Z5406 @$ n0 q! O8 n/ [. v, ^3 t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ Q) r- S+ H* X" j8 g5 Sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 o( Y2 c8 e0 ~- Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& D6 l5 A. m- `8 |; l
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' x1 {% v6 j+ q8 q4 Y; Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 C! [9 W4 Y! Q3 C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 ?. ]( }8 A' d2 L7 x
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' N3 [8 i3 V' A' E% a d/ y p
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( _* c& H4 \8 k/ X+ W1 y! ^of papilledema.; P0 P5 t! j) [0 e3 V" @0 w
Laboratory Evaluation$ O% i8 ^& ?* B0 Y+ r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by3 Q+ I* J" B" R, H) I$ g
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 ?( A/ d U! G V7 p( Z) Q9 T1 }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 y; w X/ `# k; r% ?" }( N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- d0 i( N8 p5 _) H4 B" ?! R& W4 v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 B, U3 E% m2 n4 ?0 S* G2 M/ ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 {3 ?1 w: y2 k% E3 v( dThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ U/ y' A0 }8 `4 [; G: Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 D: t0 C+ ?7 x4 n3 u% M5 _4 Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& I1 s, \0 d. G6 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' K; |6 @4 J3 m1 C d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 `1 h- B2 C5 x/ L( |; Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 n$ _, `. F+ \3 E# Q
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' V( E/ A# h9 bdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 b0 K# y! Z% E( Q/ ?/ L( ]! A49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 F* _% _+ ?9 o' z5 J8 f: k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" z5 c8 ?* z7 Y, B5 R/ b8 E/ O% k- _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ { h: u7 K2 V" S# k2 T0 g1 vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ c; o* ^' q* @& h9 q9 g. Dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 ]6 _" V- x+ W8 W3 h" z$ c0 R6 L7 s0 L
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* x6 @. Q) H- \6 v0 C
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: d Y5 }. w3 R# b
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) A+ S" E7 m, v8 d: p. F$ s8 E
(prepubertal).
3 X% f$ H6 |2 N- b( [9 u% OThe parents were notified about the laboratory: O: B( Z+ e& G4 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were+ `/ }! [5 p$ M+ m2 k0 i# k2 B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
; y6 m+ X4 J) y1 y; rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: l- S5 d2 p" |5 y( J
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' u. A1 E6 `2 G/ S2 [" H; m0 r( [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 s+ d' _: {3 J" aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ |# ]/ @1 Y2 y$ g. ~3 s Nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained y a- {2 J" H" o2 n4 [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: Z# M% r2 o! ^" q0 E" eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" r& ~3 B/ R. w* G9 e: Apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 A6 p V- T3 _8 x" R" i# y% dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 Z H \0 O2 D! y8 [; C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., ^6 N9 E8 t7 O& D, C0 V
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. N: U/ f8 t% D$ M4 G( _8 X3 w" \
ing frequent erections.2 Z3 q" o3 o) u. u; k2 Z
Both parents were again questioned about use of! ^$ s6 _& ^6 g) k4 J' ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 B; o+ i3 ?% c9 t' |; s* n: H4 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" h2 X9 ], n2 Z! M& mTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 { Z0 x9 C8 g9 E/ X2 K. Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 O; `( F+ s* E! b% c* Z; R3 ^: q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 j& U% R+ c8 b1 \& N) Y0 w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 {! T5 N$ [/ i4 w, Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: Y' c8 l1 e/ M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) I* H$ E1 O+ x; usecondary to depression.
/ |9 @* V" f: QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ c6 _" e) p8 I' o8 ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 ~- J$ q+ r2 P4 [% ~2 R- W
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 C; k+ @% ^3 anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' q; s/ H7 A/ z5 A) YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,* p5 w- r2 l5 z+ n, N/ W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 f* I& [, U: _. |6 P6 d6 ?was high, he then read the product information ~: s, ~8 \ L. w0 ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; J( M1 M7 D1 {- v' E, u! q4 r6 h+ ]
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ N) w5 N* H& _) K4 S' ~3 l
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
; [6 q4 }$ U; Q# P: Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 S# f) M+ u' [% K: [$ }+ `9 h
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. b: B. F( o- B1 ~: |% n/ ]test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. U7 H1 p, ]3 O0 `; u" @laboratory to obtain the test.( Z! i3 H F) J% X* E8 R
Discussion, _$ W& C+ @0 @- A5 A/ v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- y4 Q5 c- j" g% d, ~5 W1 ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) d3 U8 h9 ~3 `* u7 A$ Q. OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 V- G1 t# Q) P' \/ @) |) D6 e( d0 y, Wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( D7 `( c) W+ G# S0 E' n9 \+ Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ t$ h. f& w r4 Z% M5 fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) }, R8 j4 p( S- h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 Y; @6 z% q8 T5 P) v; v
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; O4 Y& _( H/ Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# c# J2 E$ D9 t4 S$ g4 N0 Csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% d0 x& {" }3 c* m5 K& }2 A5 v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 P, D8 v, y( a5 K: c+ b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 l" @8 D- Y3 {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# s# L2 ]0 a! M2 kgonadotropins.1,34 q+ c! R }8 v; S; ^ |
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 q: u( J% G1 a0 ]- O+ T( Zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 t/ O* C6 I2 P1 N" R
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 G `- M) g/ ]! S% K
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 e0 F$ W- w0 P4 C5 j' Q9 ^0 tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" y. h, b2 ~, h+ V* Q$ S/ [4 L% X
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: q7 q/ _: ]$ Q2 \1 f
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 p. C8 g9 R9 I7 S' k$ \( ^9 Gpuberty in boys.3,4
1 v( s; A! L2 u: j' i0 b7 A' VThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ Z; E5 N/ x6 v9 f2 H# d: ^1 J T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
o( v$ X: d# d- m. l. x7 CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 b( ~$ [; `/ T* b. V& j; ]excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* L% y6 D+ f. m
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; u* `, h1 V1 H9 J9 p$ j
excess.1,3
; Q4 Q$ [& b$ u- @0 h5 Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: M$ D+ R; g6 V/ b2 y2 l! P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' w T, g' M a- v4 S3 h. _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 ~ C( ~8 }* v8 J. J8 a" f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* X! d1 S9 q& y& z2 yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 Y9 d# ]# V, Z4 c9 [8 G4 `( q' Every young age. The physical findings in these boys# c# W5 E5 f0 y0 E8 n1 x- S" E: Q, j
with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ A0 j" Q- B9 j; V2 u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 a& r; X1 h' A, J- xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& R7 n: ^, M0 s6 l7 |5 W7 f8 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ G4 o2 @( }# Q5 n9 [pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-( ]# p' c- r8 z) T
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ b2 A* X3 C' a. B# ~4 N1 p- W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" G" g$ J: ?/ C0 ]' C+ Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 T. T+ q6 g( X; O* |( F( @5 @may have similar precocious puberty.3, u, ~. z" D% k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 U; X4 S- t& M1 x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 [: y# ~* x) _. ]" ~9 v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 m' V% t. |0 |1 ]was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 v; J" b: z/ _. E- g; Y" z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 C# w/ {, N3 {5 Vtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
, f' y# _" N% E- O1 s& X# f' Dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg- D& ?: D; |: G# P% u' M, D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 K$ ?' s, {" G1 i0 t6 u* }# ]/ Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; h& c) k$ D B0 G! S: Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. l, x# G2 |3 \deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 l5 G- n2 N, p4 x. k* c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ f8 T6 ^3 Q* Z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 o/ I! X% P* ~+ Q, q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; c S0 m" o, k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" o* {& e- N( j1 Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 R; U" K C' Z, S. m! p
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ ]( `- y* j/ b9 {
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 I$ i% |6 Y/ Q, V; J6 R8 V9 D7 U$ |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 f3 Q% `& J/ |
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ O6 P4 y2 y; J/ ?( _* G q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 C. s% G4 G( J! m, J* m2 G
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! Q1 s4 i- G$ r( ?0 O: m% tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 s, x' u2 q! t- r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to! b: x4 _; j% |4 U0 [! V7 V4 |
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 k0 w/ V/ p9 }$ ~ K3 H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. x: }8 }& {7 j5 g. p1 a/ {5 O$ [tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 C% a1 X, B% F& U4 H' x3 N, [
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: l. R$ l% |: Z5 x, p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# I' L* `7 x" J3 H) F ^' T- f: F! E
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 u: N0 z6 r6 B9 C8 D) Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 t1 L7 n. b& X- a7 x& d, d) \0 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. e' n& d+ y* b7 |exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ @% n5 K) c9 Y2 |5 B, j; W. S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; M- u, X2 z, E4 @# B q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* A5 A$ v. h0 Pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and* f* k4 c; I4 ^0 \0 Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; Y3 r: e) `5 p" z3 E) V, f: Z- s' p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 k7 w, _0 F, n$ s9 k4 q
early childhood on pubertal development and final0 Q; @8 k" ^& i' J0 V
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 m0 n3 r, M+ B3 P5 J
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
& J9 e8 e" m0 A: c$ bterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 x" N+ q0 K4 ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" w; Q4 t# H6 |. ~7 |9 D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* ]1 n3 l2 T5 _ V5 @" g8 Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& L, l, l W0 l5 A
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ L% P& v% J3 @# lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- I0 H* H* U0 }/ t, `! u& ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& [ l1 p, u" r" p0 c+ P/ |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ N. r. k! x& }5 p% n) I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& U: V, Q. h4 i/ k& A6 b) w, O. H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. g9 c' O$ @: |+ uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 R& O, H+ @/ y2 }. P/ t
penile length in clinical studies.) {0 s+ t9 U3 I4 v& j: v% J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. d* F! E+ N# m# v, u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; g$ Q" ^" ], J# a$ gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( f. t0 V# V: G3 ]: \the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 `$ F7 q, ^, ]! Y z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of1 R& Y* B3 ?( S% D
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 A1 _/ Y+ R$ O( J2 m! @6 uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 H9 |7 ^% r: ^# J/ Zheight will not be affected.' J" p! V9 @4 L6 n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) g5 L9 {0 _7 yability of androgen products in our society may
7 o7 {9 M+ G0 M5 k; e6 g" v* uindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( F. `! f( C! x/ A' H8 `# @# I9 }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! q# X$ ^6 T& [& |gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( T3 b+ {& P0 \7 F. z7 Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 B8 b. E$ u+ Z2 D2 V8 B: \& qgel should be asked of the family members during5 Y- o$ T T1 R0 b7 ~
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ g1 l/ |, W6 t+ yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ R1 J7 b/ _% R! b9 tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 G9 \; l, g6 o. v! W/ D: Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a o0 q9 j* S" W [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may: b# E! x- \: z: U3 T0 G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: J. C$ t; x( w& `' sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be2 O$ s$ q& y% j# |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
" _6 j! j3 M# M5 {8 L4 lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ w4 B7 @* d: ~; Q1 w" d+ U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* t# k/ Y( M0 v0 o ?) dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, z' W1 a- Z3 F' ^5 Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-8 x6 s7 f/ w4 G$ A
one using any of these products.
/ ^( f/ h0 g2 }1 LReferences
) K M4 ~( q$ [% V; D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' A8 y) E0 E6 G6 a* k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ P' x! }8 a% O$ jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" w$ ?. y$ _) a' `# Z* I2002: 565-628.: s! b2 F, a9 ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" m/ \; ~* W( Q( @. T8 N* q- b
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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