- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ J1 h2 L5 {5 n& C0 k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' Q. f7 ^6 o; g5 jExposure to Testosterone
1 w# b# z' ]% gSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' ?' ? B1 K7 E2 O2 @ L* band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 i. [& p0 r9 aClinical Pediatrics
/ V& x5 \, W' d" ^) V( F' b% XVolume 46 Number 6$ {- I+ u, Q9 ~
July 2007 540-543
) s# t5 t+ ]: d& ^) ]© 2007 Sage Publications
" O& r& c, \2 Y0 H' ~7 O* Y10.1177/0009922806296651
& n4 ]2 v6 |% N7 e( V5 h0 g5 Uhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 b. C9 [( _7 z# h# u
hosted at
7 H" Z+ p( q; x! V) @0 D/ [5 thttp://online.sagepub.com, E+ @% o1 Z# l$ S2 q$ T$ u& r
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 h) [1 S& S* o( y. S mis a significant concern for physicians. Central; z% }+ M# G9 B8 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. F1 `' h3 d6 X Y% c+ R: K* X b
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; Z" ^+ A7 Q- t, c% Q. S' @
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 Y* N3 P( t: f: V& E$ C/ Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" }. L, h8 [! C; y/ C3 [
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 L' z3 {' x b6 w5 T# }. Z% Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, |- W% Z- w1 O
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% ^$ x8 g1 v% M, J5 e: [
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) o- c7 ~4 i2 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 p. v$ t* j( c5 V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* W9 N$ Q- W: T! T9 R0 n6 kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. g1 K! X0 b$ Q5 K, e, Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: m0 a# I- @- ] ~# x5 umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 m1 {; Y) x) [& I+ d* Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! f2 E( s) ~) f7 ^ r, j
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' K: D9 x( t8 f& I4 f
bly more common than the rare case report in the- J5 l" B- D7 R4 Z
literature.46 _* I: H$ [% q. f
Patient Report. @5 Y3 ]* `4 r" M+ H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 H( i [0 r( o7 a, i3 I* l
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ ~) y8 h5 R3 w# Y, d' ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# C( s) \# v! L* ?: f3 X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
% S4 ^" G% B: J; eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 _( E8 |* Q! U4 m: w. S( r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& A6 J, f5 w2 v6 y$ cAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. T! R6 g- t8 u- W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 A+ g9 y$ @' a8 N4 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! J, n) p6 ^6 o; j0 I
e-mail: [email protected].
7 g O; b& ^2 R3 {" a$ pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) K' x: n' A Odarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* o: P) V7 i; W/ J# o0 Tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, [5 k" P4 X: \0 }0 d9 hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) H3 U7 V: ^" @+ fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 [( Q; a. Z8 O! u( n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 P( s7 D0 L/ o% _; y( R6 Y7 C
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. }" @; I* E6 n# ]" G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 m1 S! K! w, {- m7 S1 ^& Y& vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; N0 C `- L6 s2 f6 w; cwas age appropriate.* \7 Q7 W7 S" s7 O( V2 k/ Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ P) l, b& I6 ^" C) k0 b8 hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% N$ O5 Z5 P& w J# d q# [5 Y/ X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 f% ^* [6 Z* W. `$ X$ ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% \3 K8 e/ x- @7 ?; j5 e# Z: {early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., g& Z0 W0 Z4 a8 Y7 z' i7 U
The father denied taking any other medication. The) n& o/ M8 w6 C7 c& d4 l. L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 g* F6 r n. [. P. l# _
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 H8 Q6 C. K8 A) l5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& n% Y9 I$ z, [/ C" f: wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ J) B% X( L: j. ltives. There were no siblings.1 [$ n# i0 j; t& e& }
Physical Examination6 g- s! A% t, U4 l) q: h: c5 ]" x$ d
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 z+ A$ S) N( j& B7 Y, g5 ~
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- \; ~5 Z& ?) V- r# q$ I" L# p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 P' S3 V: f0 l! a7 A, d \1 K/ [90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 F- p" ]/ ]; e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) M. e, u! N( S: z9 c9 B) e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; ? n0 z U, @* M$ D& g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ n2 `. B% }' I! R
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* T" g$ \' w% s O: ~8 p2 v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
. O! o, g- E. V/ i% o1 D. e" S$ j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 e( K# p+ T0 i3 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! ^( n* h2 }, |; {" E$ \. A
540& T- Z7 M, h* U; \- M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, n j" x S2 C- Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 s1 ~/ L, w" k- ^) Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ T: Q! y# e4 C/ T: EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' S7 Y& S y" A8 i8 ~ |$ U
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' W6 U7 t& [6 H% C, {
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( P5 s- {) H |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, }, r3 B8 R' o- p" nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ [. P; k5 J9 ~) s3 _* o e# Fof papilledema.4 a- P- n, c/ p3 D3 C2 I
Laboratory Evaluation
' [/ H) u- y+ N m. R- f2 SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 f8 _9 i1 P6 K3 \( D8 n( V
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 N1 q8 E, U; {( ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, B ~; [4 x. S, q9 xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 G/ j& m0 C% ]0 y3 \, O$ k$ N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 ~' K) o' ]$ s" q; T# e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# H1 D+ ?: }6 @The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 \2 L: V- }: D; Nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 r8 {* V6 q {within normal range for his age. The concentration
" G; a) S& D- m% ?/ ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 u; i$ J* S6 C! ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* U$ k/ q# U" l0 q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: g4 |/ a% G, V; ~5 F, X4 uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 ?3 L9 ?) Y e0 [4 i! L5 Tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" S0 J' V" c* h$ V9 v1 I& m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 Z' X( V+ J2 U& [$ w
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 q& ]: A8 ?* t \: ^8 `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 Q! A% L5 X, R3 h+ P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 z1 r* t9 f, Q- k4 a$ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than X1 u( ^* t' F) @1 ?: _2 v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' E8 A/ D) m, j& ~, c. M$ }7 rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 }5 j: ~1 g& z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 e8 g5 c/ B' i I(prepubertal).* C4 M( K" q0 s0 @
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 u+ X2 K0 W- ~, F) x( ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 {4 u* G0 Z* D+ |- _& M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The5 I) Z( M& d/ h, |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ o7 }( X& x$ V4 H& }
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 F# O9 D( r2 i; z2 x
ever, the family did not return for 4 months., q6 y+ s7 I {* ~6 k+ ?3 B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ U& v" p- g% f1 ^5 _: S6 p9 w# d7 g
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained) u7 D/ n$ a* N" ]
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 A& z+ o/ {. C# R$ U2 Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ q; x% U) i2 X( L G( Z6 ]& ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& ~. E& k. n5 b# j* c
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; S% ^" G9 e: }& v# e6 m1 {, rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 p t/ m2 h) g) V- OThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: p( R' y" P: c3 [; s: aing frequent erections.
, P' {* t, o# X eBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 o: t8 V! c& V7 N9 I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 I* n/ [- p# y' bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 g" {( Z" ]! m/ P$ e: aTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" Y( N6 B8 V) i# q- m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( H: H7 ~0 _5 D( T- n3 |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 ~5 M+ v1 W+ T) v6 Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 P+ O0 n; O8 \3 d0 {0 M5 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 t+ N- @, b5 gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) v" @. T$ z5 h l, {
secondary to depression.* }4 p: T! Q2 ~( g3 D' x! u6 {1 \
The child slept in the same bed with parents.( P9 ^0 R" {! m: x' L
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 J# ~0 K3 ~, W+ H# p- w. cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 A- w+ g/ ^! K* N( V* K& m3 @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ e2 |# b8 k- }The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) F2 X+ o0 {) H. |! xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# B2 \! U" B- \
was high, he then read the product information' O! B! f7 f7 J5 T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# H: \( i1 w/ [% Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 T0 ~8 c) r3 H& [3 e
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* u3 F' D' M T2 P% b! ?& S. u7 G
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 _2 z1 d) C( P& }. v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. G0 G! q. W" K# m, t/ O0 atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% L' n C9 x1 j2 L
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 `& |: y; K0 K! p4 j; J5 W3 IDiscussion2 {8 d. d% I+ o0 _/ E
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* a$ J4 p( K& T4 i/ X$ Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ f( x5 }, _% e8 B3 X, i6 e( `& A4 H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 a$ r, p% x3 X7 L- C. H! Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 \/ r8 f; o2 ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. f& P* a$ D! g: J* E% }& Z" i) amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 m% `4 A) ]) b" H- j4 P% xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 ~/ c$ o5 q# S$ Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: R1 P, ]; g% a* T& ]6 tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' j* t: a# `4 B, \4 ~9 ksis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% O# q, C1 N7 ^) C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 U( d3 O |' T3 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. Y2 _5 A& `, x
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 j, V; _# x4 J' C$ K# ~: Fgonadotropins.1,3% X. Q9 g$ D& U. `% ~0 w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: Q( I% Y& Q5 Q5 {; n5 e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 P: u2 z( V2 J
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& `( Z1 ~2 j5 }% w3 Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ }. x R4 C" p" F% }/ D2 Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 K& b$ q4 S- t9 Y( {( G! c; Z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" B! y t8 x$ X d: x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! [3 q9 r9 g2 _/ q+ n2 ]: O( A
puberty in boys.3,4
7 M0 u2 I7 I, K+ H+ X4 o; x- h9 HThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( ?' s: ~0 v: }, V. f2 [8 M( chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, }- c: P4 N0 L9 `- D- LThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; V! `0 ^( e# q2 Y" A3 G. ?
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 a3 ~! L+ [& T+ N4 Q& Z* l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 @; O5 P' I& a6 S1 }6 y
excess.1,3
0 W( d8 Q3 `5 u1 D% \1 A3 hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 c5 O1 w7 w! p% G' u* f9 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
r: Z: O- m: {A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 M# i& V* h/ ~- K: _" A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ N4 a( ?2 {4 M. c( R% N3 B0 d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) d* z: E9 p; s6 C
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. Y% s. }* O8 {2 x, xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 w( q/ a: p7 H8 P2 ~ o. u3 d& H* @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: C* c0 z% c1 q4 n) ]! ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' L+ P) B6 z3 k4 a5 S* j6 _) o
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- f% o3 P& D. m" o- l0 k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) x, |: K+ @" [# a7 U* W2 }releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. Y; m t2 H7 v+ ~9 d! iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ d$ ?' W: g( p1 b, h; T
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- t4 n3 c0 o1 _0 ^% O$ Kmay have similar precocious puberty.39 R6 c ~& x u) ]. B: L
In our patient, physical examination was incon-7 e4 `" K, y3 u7 _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; g" V y/ ~( U4 fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- Y2 I0 f# D, o+ ]; o' `& O- J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father( b/ }; a5 t: j4 ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( s- ]3 A1 r9 y- n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ |8 b1 J/ l( U3 I/ U& s, O/ ?beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% n! c; C4 O5 l* x& O$ N8 Y1 m0 F( Z9 tative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) s+ ~5 k& P! j3 r! }" W9 t5 h3 O7 zbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, I' m9 v" ^: h$ i2 X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 b! m( w. I8 X; {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* b m: l% k+ Q9 Q/ ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 z1 I7 n9 B7 a5 G: d. W
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, ?0 ?! T: `; b7 L4 c4 k" S( a2 t' Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: \9 \' ~" o) F$ V. I/ hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ @' w5 i: K/ e$ c9 F7 u6 ]: Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 U* {* D2 A! _6 n2 F' T+ [decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 U, a1 l( l' f. U9 b; V. `, Sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 ]0 f7 J" {) E7 w8 pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; J0 R, @9 e; N7 ]# V9 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( J' X9 s+ E/ X9 c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ _: n% W( c$ Q* x5 E+ N( runprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 ?4 W% D! ~7 Q! ~0 p+ X; `& nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) `1 h8 }' }4 |5 L, b7 f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 \% U* M" p' {6 O; V. i& [% F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 [4 c0 Z3 e4 }/ R. U9 @7 u+ V. c. |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! X0 h/ N4 K# ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 Z) {9 b# H2 H$ v1 ^5 w9 [/ U j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: j5 f' @$ p. i! J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; c8 a3 h# d6 N" I# f3 |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ J$ ~# a" }* b0 D( f3 h3 r
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- d/ T4 d \9 Y% N* k( A7 r" Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone1 c* `# a h; @ f9 T
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. a1 s) d% B/ ?. U3 z' \! h3 O' q* j
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ ~1 \/ o1 B% z jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 L0 [' s& Z6 j5 @; m2 ?* h2 Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
: E z8 S- Z- X. n1 L) I5 Madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! c* I0 v9 u( N0 `; d% m, s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 `( S4 L. K/ F7 z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% m" ^$ {9 [: {* I* P/ s0 Y4 s3 Padult height are not fully known and always remain% s# J" K2 E y: N
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# A! y# p+ H% ~# x* B7 H! B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 W0 b( w2 U% Z6 bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ z) u9 d$ e2 s1 { L
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, S& p4 [" D/ _# q2 A/ Odecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, h! _& y/ S; [5 o( z! D- c- e' A
There are conflicting reports and controversy- t0 [; U% J% H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
v9 I, `. E9 s4 Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* R! f A0 e& J: Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 D p: Q& B9 B' r2 i; x6 A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 `& e. z& f. z* F+ I7 F: P R2 _
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% t3 m' E# w6 H# }
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: F& ^6 \# @2 t% A: m& c: q7 d
penile length in clinical studies.
# c1 ]5 I$ M1 f! m4 ^5 S: y3 TNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 h- n( U/ M# l5 {' dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from, Y4 |8 u. n' [$ m2 h- P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 }; C: P& G1 [$ x P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& [( w$ O3 j! ~9 R4 \( v0 U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 a# C! `! J; M, c1 A& adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' D. V2 Q% q- \( E2 x8 l, I
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 G! [/ F( ?$ a9 g: Z2 ]7 u
height will not be affected.
3 ^ p. S" ?( l0 b/ s/ l9 YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 w& j8 |' _, n9 S3 {8 [# ~
ability of androgen products in our society may F2 F, w, ]1 P$ G
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& @& }+ m) l' c, R6 _( R k
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ {" B1 A1 a+ t3 A) p( Jgen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 p; c( f1 x) _8 w+ `; [7 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or# g: @1 z) E J
gel should be asked of the family members during1 V# P, _9 i3 w" d7 R8 {
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 I1 ?) X! N& z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ m! y/ k2 L, c3 P/ b8 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by% X7 ^% M \, Y* C" z. k
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 i, [* j9 o- p9 Z+ ?4 ^* g1 _0 jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) T- c0 J$ B' Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 P% X4 _ |1 T& ~8 }; M& B) z4 F1 u# ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be
! ~7 \$ l$ P$ d$ d5 oaware of this fact, because most of these children
, D+ z& _, ]6 d1 Qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 }& u" O6 Q: L! J# g- a5 f/ TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) z) w) i1 Y) |$ ^) ^" O" t; T! ]0 z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ P& X1 K% i8 a1 ], y
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 s( S$ f7 C, G5 xone using any of these products.5 C% ^" @2 I4 t# R" T8 n
References( h- |% g% T! r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- M& m7 P( p: U/ N" L5 Xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) t: |0 Q- K! D2 z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 ]: U( ~+ |9 D2 d9 {, n3 Y
2002: 565-628.) K) S* h( M% K/ y+ W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# \0 V& j0 V' K" M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|