- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: I% I; \0 a, |! g6 L6 ?/ u KBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
* U. c M! O( X( L- dExposure to Testosterone
( u& M6 c1 B1 Z2 l4 A: ]- q2 A; H$ C. XSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, w* {* p# b2 Q1 ^and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ _3 \3 E+ j6 M: f+ ?. z2 H: X* C
Clinical Pediatrics
! t. E& K1 J" b( p: WVolume 46 Number 6
5 B3 G1 L. P) b5 C! ?5 j8 eJuly 2007 540-543! ~2 ?8 }$ m: e+ Z8 p( r
© 2007 Sage Publications w8 G' B7 K2 O( Q$ v! p
10.1177/0009922806296651
0 o; ]. g" W8 e$ f( D4 Qhttp://clp.sagepub.com7 Z& w" |+ W$ D Q# f# G3 K
hosted at
( n0 C0 h& b: L2 l0 U1 x7 @http://online.sagepub.com
. g! P$ h4 b- cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 B+ q" d0 i9 u5 A, e) jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
# f! _1 j8 Q5 {* O9 G$ Pprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) \2 Y" t" p$ j6 t* l! O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 N. Q3 b/ l- `& {7 _" p- ?8 f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- J+ m# Y/ u/ j- [% klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ `$ M/ r& {2 G( Q8 Q3 i! ^ N$ ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ U& a7 Q; K! K% @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 j1 }/ w {6 l" ^. n. icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" R3 u; R5 n! q7 j
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& n, b0 V( z! D2 g' senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 L2 g' I# v6 t0 ?9 p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 N3 m/ m* ?* X% K1 | R) i( Z2 {4 X
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) d# B' _# }* ] e$ b( v
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 g1 y: N; i$ u! f. a6 P. h# p# ?
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) v* x" ]$ g$ [# V0 d
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 |$ m2 k9 |9 i9 C5 ^$ w1 @3 x4 Htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) f# g- | x. A# b
bly more common than the rare case report in the
n7 b0 g! i n" F0 Nliterature.4
( [6 v1 z4 G: c( J2 m& ePatient Report
! T" K3 [5 I+ d% L: ~A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& f+ y4 z; ]$ G/ M1 @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, |4 x1 M5 R$ P" ~; fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ E0 {& \% z. C; llight colored pubic hair development when he was+ f# Y$ j: m7 R" O" B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. C7 E& H& w. R' ASouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." j' h7 D; O' e; o) S' I# g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,+ {5 g: F+ c1 E$ A) }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 ~' _5 n+ f: g5 x; g/ ?1 Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) G- D0 {+ d: P3 x1 D7 Re-mail: [email protected].- E! w9 d' t6 C. G2 o+ y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
, m5 y' [6 ~# u) udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ b6 Y: m: L; Y) O+ i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# n/ U" Z0 Z6 q1 e9 T3 m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" I+ M& H" W/ Q8 v4 D/ ?a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, K, C# L$ i* z: e8 a* j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 [4 H* ?& Q5 y; @2 \: s) Lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 Q6 N- l; z5 m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, t2 v* o% ^2 R& A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development' N$ `* S9 H. t1 J0 i+ W$ J. K- t
was age appropriate.
6 `/ E4 [7 F0 L) ?0 q( `The family history was remarkable for the father,# `. ]/ {; a7 g" f9 z" B' R" L! l% a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' S8 [. c7 q% n2 T4 w; y M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! z3 }! v6 f4 N- S# zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ \1 v8 E% ^9 v: M8 @early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, `8 P$ v/ g6 V' M6 ^7 yThe father denied taking any other medication. The
|0 c w- }1 Schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ v- u* W- g4 L: d+ \& F# Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. K# D2 n. l5 S5 i5 t2 t( @+ e
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; h, m) O4 g0 h. n& ]- s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; f# s+ B ^& u4 v6 `4 R5 j
tives. There were no siblings.* F, ^0 W5 d4 A" y: x
Physical Examination3 Z0 i }) i1 b' A7 v9 f: ^" V0 D
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 o/ Y2 a3 \& Y, D6 ~: I
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, \; m0 m; |, M$ O s# f sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; y: I1 Q$ }0 k90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 Q1 W4 E0 G. |$ s, O. O8 v(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- l$ u0 W; x9 E: F1 y% d7 x; Hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% ~- }9 A8 `, e" O9 ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 y4 V; h- ~, l. R! r) K* OThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for* j/ G' Q2 I6 z+ |" k
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! v) [/ e3 c6 E2 B! h" h8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 m- O+ V8 `# }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 Q5 d$ z$ v# @9 V5 p5 J! q540# w- w% l$ m5 J& ^: E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; ~9 x' P. _ ^! u6 `% gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 B% y9 a5 e- ~* r
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 v# F/ h& U$ L9 p
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% E8 m4 A) n0 w/ J2 e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: K: ^7 A+ A/ ?$ w/ }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ s/ k- k9 M1 f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 O; L& m) b/ W4 r1 o8 d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion/ X) Q1 F- m$ t9 r; ?
of papilledema.
3 s( y! Q, j& W8 oLaboratory Evaluation
7 N& j, P! s4 {7 ?0 _The bone age was consistent with 28 months by- r, l; Y3 d/ k5 ?* A" J
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 w5 X1 F5 U% X' h
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
8 \8 W- V* l. {2 I& i( b: _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 R2 r2 ?: J' q& Q1 f' O8 B7 V; Yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
3 G4 |7 {6 D! j( t+ K4 v: zlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& R& ]" {* v; n. p$ Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! X; @$ I. u/ ^8 D, l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 I7 B& C/ W# \8 X6 L# r: U
within normal range for his age. The concentration
( j! n2 z; t! D+ T& Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) ~2 |, u2 S9 I6 n
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# Y# O' t5 S3 [* y8 U: E8 [: y7 C; dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 z1 w8 `9 T- P1 E Y9 Mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 E9 P7 z4 U* h$ l0 B5 H8 P& e
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- f6 W9 z! P; F7 P+ u( a; T49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, n) d, I d5 y& {, V `was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! s1 A/ E1 J9 L' |; i9 R! {, o
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 n) U' I2 N/ L) K$ htestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, m v9 l$ G5 k3 M
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 |' X8 q/ ?) x2 Y+ [5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. b- e7 q, t4 T* E: o- M5 `9 ^$ s+ q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" S1 L7 N9 k" cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 k8 A2 [4 u) k3 a
(prepubertal).5 { ]& U' i o0 E" H4 k& }5 j
The parents were notified about the laboratory5 n! J4 x) s3 L3 A6 E
results and were informed that all of the tests were: z" }6 ]8 B1 H, B5 a$ w% F! a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 J% ], Z; Z0 R0 d
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& j p7 ] h3 |: n9 z' b- h8 Cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 k1 g5 }6 {: ?. B; H% Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; J1 I4 F6 g. W0 _Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. {( W" B$ T% k1 `" j' B% nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 G4 q: ^5 u: v! `7 h, `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! b; p* R. a$ F
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 J) g* i; K- F; J# u# Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) j6 W& u: \2 \4 K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- T% l$ l# K& }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 P! ?7 g4 C+ U* q8 b# ^The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 B0 ?- {+ ~" M) C( h) P. @
ing frequent erections.
9 C+ J( s. P$ I/ tBoth parents were again questioned about use of
, X# S( w; I M% |3 p/ aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 W- ?# j( A- T" fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* n0 i3 B: N; F! m2 NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" v D8 v+ q- O* Y H" g) Vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 S) `6 V1 \3 @9 S3 d" uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 ]. M/ e& f8 Y7 L- R8 _. `a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed% {# `$ T$ d" |/ y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# G: |3 d6 ?0 j: Z3 J" X5 Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ @+ {9 G/ a8 E
secondary to depression.
* E- g- L* |4 g1 b5 oThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
( u. S2 M: K8 Q* L1 |The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 c8 v q, e1 Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! V( ]3 K3 g* E- i# e" K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ I/ e0 }! U- ^& G1 UThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 S) j V1 j- b9 O7 n0 Jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 K( }9 d+ C6 k& fwas high, he then read the product information
* _3 g8 I- b2 p4 Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) X, j7 @$ k @- [9 Gson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ U* y6 ] G2 E9 z- Y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 \5 S3 J/ l7 Z$ `! Z# z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had) g% d1 _# g1 k$ `2 s3 i s1 D
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 \7 e8 t$ j) P4 i
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ m( X! M+ B4 }1 M3 q, ^
laboratory to obtain the test.5 b0 E" g4 o9 a
Discussion$ V7 ^! M3 H/ R* K: S9 V, I" ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
W8 _5 J( g; j n4 Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 y- `7 D8 o' r$ x6 [. @% ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 I4 ]7 z4 o( a% c3 S, c" {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( ^% S) T, A; @# ]thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 ]% s6 A4 \2 ?8 z% i) c
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 X7 j& ?* N) g" t
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ R% H9 h, M1 h7 }& W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. k; X+ {3 ~, t4 ?# K+ h2 }. \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- k* S* v4 C! d( Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. f* {0 }( U* o8 C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. G7 s: q3 c6 A! g" V( H
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% S2 q3 f8 t* drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 ?/ C) ^9 f2 T' ?gonadotropins.1,3, X7 B5 r. a q" H* u( U9 x5 f4 H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# U3 X3 m: ^+ G3 K$ y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: X5 c/ H; N& a8 p' S4 ?: f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
z% l& x( G% Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 V" Q/ n* J1 v l8 T0 x6 L% N% `5 xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' `1 w5 v- q6 K+ k
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 D0 j5 I" }/ v: U
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 D$ B! I+ [4 B2 |; r7 Spuberty in boys.3,4
- G, B# n8 Q$ [5 L$ Y0 \/ H4 D: T8 _; ?The most common form of congenital adrenal. R1 B& B6 k. a$ z Y1 ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; k$ ~( a! o0 AThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ V4 L5 _+ f) n2 z7 Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ e% f" X, j; x& |. l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- Z9 b0 K( Q2 D4 a6 n8 |
excess.1,3
3 `/ O( `: X! z' W g7 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ K, T! ?$ t+ o3 J% a; r* G
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( T: i8 U: V3 J. M2 i: e: _5 Y! y( q
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 g9 D/ p1 l m/ K5 b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known h$ U$ L- t. G2 _4 ~
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a( W8 V _7 y* |8 i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
* h# y, V s" |* g2 A$ i1 o0 f; b3 bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,% T I2 R& k W9 t Q; ]- C. \
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" ^. v! {- O7 w. @
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 m* V k4 f6 D# W' q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( ]3 K: {$ H' i# y0 _+ L
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 l( `5 d1 \$ A. m# E9 M. ^% i4 {5 B
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
w. f! L# q& C3 Z$ K# d& Uautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" N0 B" V& w5 v* Q; w& Q6 [1 q( C8 j
males; therefore, other male members of the family& i/ c( S o1 h" [8 L
may have similar precocious puberty.34 h+ i9 f5 Q/ P' ~$ w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 t$ n) _' z$ w; Y* Qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! Z8 }3 ?. P: C4 ]4 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
( C3 m5 `7 U- O) d" [& s3 e3 Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' D2 ?" h% @& u- x! G1 J6 Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- j& d, I' `2 Ytesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 e! v5 {( l9 q% r8 Q) y$ A6 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
: w/ F) Y5 ?* F8 I% M8 aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& l4 G& j- ~$ |5 Q; C' cbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ X& C0 l2 U# H* U
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. V. v* N2 J* y$ Q, o
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
, |8 F/ \% |: _% ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 e: ^- n( J4 }- ?
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# ?0 ?2 ~4 T: T
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& K( n. V, C' _' f# v" G7 b" y8 gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-% \4 p' H7 J' a( b: X+ b; L
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 V/ q( b& K! {decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, `8 b# | z6 f+ u
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& x- l/ f) C4 fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' B3 p9 y$ s f$ y9 v! w
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, v. }7 e% @/ {8 Hcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ |' M0 |. E* U& v' ^' T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! s \9 W* O' r6 a# s; H: W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
2 k. A) B7 c, q! m: Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to* P' l+ }) h3 ]1 O
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& b; s; ~8 L8 a; U1 h- \, Q* H* Cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 a7 i# [% h7 ltion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 L. w! u+ B- d' Z8 v) G' j' ~1 B9 @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# ^7 Y+ a* y' e( u- _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that1 q [" E7 Q& _' ^$ g! T7 s
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# z) N7 Q& I1 r
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 `. B3 t+ @, ~3 x j2 T Q3 r- A
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 W8 O7 G$ G. V( o/ s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( t& U# b V# x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: X0 n/ ]( u6 J% e1 O, Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ {9 N- k w [$ K. U$ k
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 j) Q* l1 A- @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 Q' Q3 k+ s' C1 ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 \, _- U1 _$ N2 m7 E0 }* s$ t3 m
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; M$ V j0 C# }9 H, vadult height are not fully known and always remain
, ~/ v# O ^* ^9 n& C$ @2 f0 ?a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: P- y7 J. z2 t) u' p* Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: O# e* n$ j8 q; S- r$ K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 R# n6 z8 z% s) ?" [+ K; B
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, w& \) V) Q1 v4 V+ @) i6 ^& V( jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) q, M6 q5 }4 n# ^1 {; h5 v' | EThere are conflicting reports and controversy
( X1 }9 l4 E6 u( Qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% x/ @! p8 c9 n8 y. g; z' Y6 Ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
) c, k! l) ^8 a: Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 ?+ M4 P1 b6 G4 A3 ~& p0 wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' m8 e/ `$ N- p. @& RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 R& {; \& M. N( |8 C. ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: l+ W" Y$ u0 Cpenile length in clinical studies.
3 B4 h5 C2 a" MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ g3 j; e" y- e7 ?: u( Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
g* Q; V6 o$ F2 D2 V. Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, I5 G, c4 q0 w4 Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 c9 p" T. g$ tAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of b) ?$ L: W, G0 ~) w* V
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% x5 E/ \5 z: Y _' s6 s) k, F m# vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: i. t3 S% l3 {0 Bheight will not be affected.
: C( O% n' R9 |! X( Q2 K7 V( `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* _" D7 Y& o8 H0 m
ability of androgen products in our society may
/ d' D+ Y/ q! Y/ jindeed cause more virilization in male or female* a, X' I$ _/ t% |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; I0 H( {" U( F" w5 ?& Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-. s I+ X0 k/ w4 n8 [% a& \
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 v* h8 o7 F& v$ r( K- |% u; V
gel should be asked of the family members during% H( F; w- e+ ]
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 P, k6 Q: ~+ W/ Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 V3 N: h; d% M. u" }- h
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 S, w6 l; q2 [1 r: s; M
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( E9 h/ {( J& chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( s; a/ x3 |: O- k8 F3 Jresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! \6 o' _1 r, pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 E; O0 b" C& o: j
aware of this fact, because most of these children( D& o7 z' X' Z3 L: r- K5 f! J% c" ~
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 l r+ m. r" g8 w6 K( n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a- J. ?& W: B' P" k1 r4 E
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 o: O: T1 F$ W S' F: _
female child who might come in contact with some-. K- m& T2 z6 t& E
one using any of these products.* B5 s2 q$ Q! `
References) _+ _7 d! P( F
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ Q$ U* N/ n% x/ Cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric7 E% _4 g/ }: J" l$ G
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
7 L D9 `4 L- K3 g2002: 565-628.
/ A0 M5 M7 K& Z1 z/ f2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' L; T' Q9 K' k2 W s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|