繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到寬版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) j9 Y9 n* J! V* B; d0 d- RBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( }! [) L+ _- xExposure to Testosterone
# `0 q& q% _  aSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# @9 u% Q- y. b' j+ C( E+ S' Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 _# O; y! B/ k8 j; R5 n2 J$ l$ cClinical Pediatrics$ A  y+ p2 b. ?! U
Volume 46 Number 6
8 c3 K& o5 Z$ K; OJuly 2007 540-543
$ [& m3 ]# m. s; s: p4 N© 2007 Sage Publications+ A2 C9 {5 N6 y7 R
10.1177/00099228062966513 N5 B8 ~" m  {. [6 z) W/ y/ w
http://clp.sagepub.com
* b/ R2 Q. d# i. f8 Q' C: mhosted at7 I2 s- I, n. w6 @
http://online.sagepub.com
. e6 Z7 |/ b8 W" m. UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: m& |6 f' F5 O3 J7 L) bis a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 r* }  ^* J% l& S* P; i& @8 Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ d9 j& s  ]& z- y8 cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& h/ c( p4 B9 y0 L
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system/ ]! n: z5 [& ~4 `5 p' l1 T0 H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 [6 t) t% B/ Z7 wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 T7 k3 D6 i( |' u2 Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- P7 |/ M5 M+ I  Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  s0 [9 y& N! W; e  u3 T$ m% ~% a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: Z- S% \8 p0 c$ h3 N$ m9 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 i1 q( h5 I' F6 h0 }+ b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- v9 ]+ y6 w9 N# q( yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ W$ k- }  p; u0 Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 ~4 t- g  b! T3 X- d) F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 f# R$ ^  A; @0 p5 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: H) f' x% ], G5 D5 L' W+ q% k% Y0 ^
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- A8 I8 h: K& z' k9 M9 I3 b
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. I  O6 O5 r2 \/ {: iliterature.41 T0 Q9 e# r, j4 K5 O* ^
Patient Report4 x4 n5 d0 |( K( f1 s$ N& Z9 n' b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: v# \# I) h1 m  s+ S: U1 X& c) @" ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 j+ e4 t2 r0 u$ s) qof early sexual development. His mother noticed& q: ], r( s0 e  Z8 j7 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ _: H* L: N& m4 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ ~; [' y6 [4 q: ^' Q( E2 j& k% n7 C$ ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 M- b- ^( m/ I# j* M. dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 H/ q& t2 n: L) s. q( W4 \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 D% v( M( Z9 {* n& l% j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 ^4 G5 [$ P. Y; d# L/ V% ?e-mail: [email protected].. J+ I$ X5 P7 y9 h/ G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 R2 A- [; P% C5 C, Z  y! p+ f) j
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% r- r, r. Z- k" }2 l" ?. a
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' h1 E3 q4 _* {  b' j7 C2 @/ Y* [; U8 ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 R, {& F" x9 n* ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, c+ P2 U8 ]% l' b. }- h
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 e( p& V1 M1 q" V8 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with' c" v6 q7 h7 j; c
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 C' Z/ Z( T# h# Y0 e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- n/ h, H( l4 ~) h
was age appropriate.
3 _+ ~- L& S. R; A) Y/ U' OThe family history was remarkable for the father,
" K' i) p" n7 u* F' e5 ~2 G8 u9 Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, ~+ f5 b( z! O6 O- L, b% Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 Q  i- a. D( C. r- z2 }- r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 m5 g7 m. D+ D* W+ s
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! @% K5 O! q+ T$ h' C& [% {3 P
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! \, r" h. y- }8 E7 V2 Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! @; L- i% a1 o* N2 Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 C# j  C9 s6 ~; e: Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! a0 M% {: s" E3 [/ S4 k6 O; _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" `( O2 t0 n4 I+ `  o- y0 @3 K0 w. Z
tives. There were no siblings.
# T7 Y4 a6 m6 ]. D) oPhysical Examination$ Q6 J. Y# \) }9 J
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 i# L+ ]- F2 @1 H- \7 q. h# j/ Bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 I) B4 \, F  I4 B( Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% r. L% H& `" g5 b% z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! q9 j; C* ~5 b! o* M8 n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 O/ O" |8 ^/ a5 v: U) Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& B' F0 l+ h! ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 m" g( t: C+ v2 K& `# i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 ^; f: i1 W$ o5 y/ X
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 S  u$ w: H) ^7 N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* g0 z4 d4 e! b1 o5 y" o
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  d4 `  b. q2 k1 r* l! A
540- t5 l$ I* z( e% e) F$ p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ q, H. e7 F" F. V/ ~; `9 r% B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ g5 G, E" M4 stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 x! D0 S2 ?3 X, E7 @5 i+ QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 g) F. x: L" @9 W/ k. Yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 {* i6 B. D- a4 `5 u0 \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 Z3 k- L7 J" ^6 d/ |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 t: Z+ ]2 w- {! `$ I5 Q' v0 ]bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  ]" ^$ Z5 d  C7 S/ ?7 K% V
of papilledema.4 n% n# d& E0 _# w4 X
Laboratory Evaluation
* C, H# a' A! v9 y3 V* `0 dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 u! U' o7 x: J/ Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; I7 R' [: {" B$ k- }( V0 {
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) k1 p$ t1 @: l1 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' Z, h( G0 c7 c7 i# B" [# X7 T, _. _  X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% |  |  \0 K5 u/ @) S* I
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., e% K* A; s5 _+ P  t4 a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 h+ I( X5 I6 w6 w" O4 K: ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 ]$ J2 d9 o8 \1 a' S. C
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 }, z: _% j, _* |# Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: @- B3 u) K6 b7 y% W: o! ~" K5 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: d0 I+ o  X# X& c' K4 M. g/ I& V7 P& Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 C9 q, y9 H6 z; E
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( E; R3 }9 T% }( x6 h3 q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 Q% f2 s0 l" ]3 B7 s; g49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 ]* p5 J) i, s) f  W& f2 ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ]" v8 G+ j/ i& j3 vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 s- ^- L, Y6 [/ A( w- ~3 |7 X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ p4 |4 x% q. T/ L1 V' R
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  E* H( H) N/ ^8 [* `; y4 `. s, B5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# n  u, a5 x" ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 l! P5 P, y0 b. R2 c0 G* O! U! @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ [9 `  d5 S2 H% X; O$ A. {- A: q(prepubertal).6 ?# `( d1 l9 B  m: {3 G
The parents were notified about the laboratory, y0 J. [6 Y9 t3 h& o
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. N9 _5 C3 t$ z6 b- f. H* k" lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 T" k# o2 w. ~7 z3 lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 i! \" M0 r3 d) Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ G- Q, I, ^- i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) V6 n7 a+ T" \9 h% [$ Q+ N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
# M3 s! _- c  m( L& Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 F5 O$ h3 m0 n7 T' i2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 O) D8 S5 \* N% m/ |9 kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 s  F: d3 m6 i  C3 j$ @$ y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! E8 z  ]% _- H* V: H" Z$ \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* l" c& S# y# E' X1 t, o! hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) t! k1 O) v* k% u* c8 ]8 VThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 S% I# H/ F  w. \, I( f9 J4 z
ing frequent erections.  g  h( S( ], ~; z' S4 G
Both parents were again questioned about use of( M: {2 v( g  T
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ \1 ]8 f9 }# L# f
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ f! J3 b) {6 u' [4 qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% z5 q, l) m% U: S" Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' A1 s0 T  ^/ W0 D, `1 L* t. m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  Q. R" T0 g, I7 X
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 ?- b5 h# `8 e' w6 _/ h2 E+ l3 C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ \+ r% w8 D- X) S# Z4 rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" `6 O* w/ f* g. E0 Fsecondary to depression.
1 t2 I" q% o# V( Q8 t# _- IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; ?0 B: H  S! r+ V  F0 |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 I1 m% |, K$ {4 u( \chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 R: q" x. l7 B3 snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: O4 _4 j4 @7 d$ c9 t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; K+ q6 `2 |1 f! E2 K2 e- |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 q, o" ?9 c% h* C9 N( `7 zwas high, he then read the product information# l( d+ Q) ~. O" s& h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. c- I1 W/ L, g, o3 F: Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they  W( [* ?3 Q1 t. R$ Y- w' Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* b. n8 a4 c" i8 x- v$ O2 T: I8 i7 C. z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! M1 [) d( T$ H1 e& u! kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 a6 w& N, S% B* Q3 R8 Jtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ a& I$ b: j* ~: D1 k
laboratory to obtain the test.; y, `1 H& I( Q
Discussion6 P7 D8 W1 i- W9 f3 w: h3 Y7 c1 A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 u; B, ]& S: L# R* ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 e( }+ g" B3 @8 Q' zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: @+ q0 `. k2 T  s! U/ H
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 \3 _$ A" H# ~( {0 u* Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 t* V8 `8 C! }4 e: \6 |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. V' g& m1 `( i+ R9 g; f4 I, P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" g1 F6 Z" I: ]responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" N8 c; S. h$ I; u; ~  u( g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 h: G( f1 u1 d3 l1 C4 G' T# wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- T4 T! @0 D% o; C# u; K0 \3 Xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 m- T6 Y. Z+ i" S
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) \1 D+ r) z1 {% w, m: ?rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( F4 p7 J+ S# A3 }/ D
gonadotropins.1,3
" A9 l; N3 o( Y' t% t6 \) rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 h# K3 R3 ^4 L) A& \) o& v3 Wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# V- q: L' B" S5 L- Dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or" k& W" ~5 ~& ]6 F5 z, w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. A5 c) a* @; aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 ~5 h1 l. _* o( C0 _1 _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& J8 L$ [) C" l, x; badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 u1 _/ l2 W. ^, d3 D1 N0 \puberty in boys.3,4
' N+ p5 H. ~$ ?! Y8 u% U  v4 U/ ^The most common form of congenital adrenal
% Q! t6 \$ F+ J4 T  a- D: Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 u( ^- s: g- a8 m  pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 b: h. \, _, i# w6 E$ [+ |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 n! [+ A3 `4 K; m- \6 D0 A  Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 B& X! e0 ]# p1 x1 V! ^
excess.1,3
8 R0 c  d) _2 v$ dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 J1 |: U& ~" Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& M" T! b3 k2 ~1 i4 ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ o, L# {6 v3 v' l, G) H  _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: ~$ f/ q6 T. @1 D2 T0 ]1 m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& e$ [5 r5 `% s3 l! kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ W) @! o' P3 M6 \7 Pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ }/ f1 |1 o9 j0 U0 ^, h7 a/ Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  Z& ?1 z( a( K" V+ a" Q3 ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: K* n5 I, c9 G4 G6 Uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; E( V; N. L& b( Y- q* a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' s+ Y* u6 `; |$ xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 {- z1 z0 N1 ], M+ M. Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# E% m( D8 C; X, \6 gmales; therefore, other male members of the family: i' |& b6 Q0 h; W" ]" Z( r
may have similar precocious puberty.36 J. F' N9 a  [: [9 z- a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( B" l: y4 @2 C) s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& O( m4 {3 {3 \" A, qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' Q/ @2 n% a1 d" S! f: v# T, t4 k- P* swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
. Z( X! z% ]2 e8 O0 k- {+ Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* ^; c) _3 \  `6 N/ b" w3 W/ ?testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
! D  s: X: K) n1 }7 abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 M) A( h1 c# e  x$ l0 `, C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( }0 P% F/ P% h0 B, E6 Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  c: X- _5 g; L4 U& T1 O% \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 f. [- U+ E' T* @& S, g1 j9 M( x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 E6 n7 c+ i. i1 n6 H4 |  l0 ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# t7 b; m. e, p! o( o, DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& s. h, @6 {8 u6 F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' p8 o0 `& w5 k9 Y9 wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 |( Z' P8 n) z, K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 a8 m4 b* X% f5 S6 i4 ~; A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- {8 g  \& Y( E7 X, S# A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 }- q- X: \6 v; X# G( o" D) l
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’9 K$ [( p! a* f4 y; H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" a% m( Y& I- s4 w' `3 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ R& L7 n1 J& H, t) E* `
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ k8 P, P# S) }6 K7 lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* E% |" b- Z* T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
( `8 O* `6 y- J0 neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* o! r' [. k; E* b
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: M  {) \. N5 G" @! J. Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 y$ V3 s5 ?# W  D! n: EOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 C  l0 _1 r  E' I9 a
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* l2 s% U! m- n) w, L  i8 odermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# S4 K2 q( k; ~; p' i
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ w% n. r! `* `active in young children exposed to testosterone
% w) b5 q8 a( ^5 q; P2 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; u: E7 x/ E6 B) h. x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" l0 K8 W. K/ u" C% a: mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 Y/ q+ A( [5 A& L7 p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 T! k% j0 [( u( [2 ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., e" {* j8 d  f- e% ^& P9 c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 z6 N: G' x& }early childhood on pubertal development and final2 Y+ T. |! a8 F- _( G4 g5 Z- K
adult height are not fully known and always remain
* F- E6 |& e9 n+ C  J9 ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  j' \2 [9 Q, g( R% \
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 @! j$ O0 b6 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: a! B  c+ ^* Zcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ l" L  C6 S5 W: X2 p* z( K. t( }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 R7 A5 Z3 g6 d7 z% A5 }9 S/ A
There are conflicting reports and controversy* u, |! q' y4 M4 F. q, r, j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: C& ]- O& f  C+ `! G2 T# |penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
  I5 m8 ^, ?  u: l; Hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% o, H8 e& c' }0 s7 h7 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; l! H  @" e) a( x# p5 eSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- f( M& T( F$ @! l* h; gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! I/ ?0 d. `- ~: H# m1 X- i. \
penile length in clinical studies.
& ~) b# h  O$ i- @4 l7 lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ [) x! z0 ~( ]# }* mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from& Q0 z. ~- K. b. r9 w9 G5 I0 f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 p* Z3 b5 \# ~0 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ R) X9 d8 E9 f& {9 C( F- n9 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 D$ T0 @. N$ @9 q0 S  q( \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 M) i7 d; @% r; k8 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 p+ [: O! K5 o5 ]& w
height will not be affected.8 E- m2 p. n( x2 c
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 R0 ?; M! H0 c# [  l
ability of androgen products in our society may5 Z; s8 _, r: }
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; V% D% Y# p# x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: ]) P/ |9 l/ q) V" I
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% i7 v- G4 [! D4 m6 k- otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 E1 n7 T+ h0 s0 O7 tgel should be asked of the family members during
1 ~* B$ `: @* Z( [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 E' n0 a. T7 a5 _! i' [9 l7 @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' ]4 u* B+ ^# G) C6 V% ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; {. ~3 \9 R- {/ I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# |# p  X+ J( F8 o, ?( V( P
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& O- c$ F% R$ N3 r1 y" b$ V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* X% L+ w, E  t3 n6 V2 W1 K
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 G" C  J& y8 C+ x1 G
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 `( v" v. i+ L, m$ ^
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ S" h+ f" R5 ]6 pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a2 a* f$ J: l, H* t) q  H* N+ @& z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# P9 B; \/ L' e7 t) A; @/ Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
: {* T- s; i0 Done using any of these products.* O/ |* a0 f: b% W+ B
References
% B8 S9 u- I9 k* M2 O3 R) H1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 t1 o7 C/ \8 D* O; x" r1 q& rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, ]. B' s3 H  d0 b# ?' N- \Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ K4 h6 P( Y% Q) Y2 i2002: 565-628.
4 a6 T4 d. \4 o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" P6 A  l: x/ ^) A* s' s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: K5 p6 p- O) O3 N/ lBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ w6 \0 g- ^% U) ]/ K# VExposure to Testosterone; O( |& w* R& c. y1 c( q5 s) e( V! a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 B6 `5 Z4 m* z) O) b' y( j2 u7 z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" e$ s! w% {* }7 p: A  O+ R; O
Clinical Pediatrics' Y. B) Z- I$ X3 r1 Y' v% i( g
Volume 46 Number 6, c; [0 C: F6 Z; Q& Y- C" \3 w* Q
July 2007 540-543
6 j1 z) @) o- v0 f# n/ \# T& ]* G© 2007 Sage Publications4 I1 r# u- p! J# o- K- h- }
10.1177/0009922806296651) \. ?1 b+ l* l8 b) h! ~. Q" e
http://clp.sagepub.com7 @6 ]$ \8 `. ]$ k1 M1 x* h
hosted at% w3 k7 ?: a' D# ]4 I4 d0 X/ Q
http://online.sagepub.com2 U7 g+ C* ?8 S2 _  Y' {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  Y& e0 `# t$ H6 H  t& O, c4 vis a significant concern for physicians. Central5 }; @; v9 P) }5 ~# R
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 r9 W. i5 E+ Q0 J
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- v  H( z* L8 a$ k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% p, ~. {$ I& p7 }( Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( i3 u' J7 O( E& W4 N: Vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" d" Y0 z: b# q7 @9 W+ Q; jhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ t) k0 t( x7 p& a* \7 x; ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& v" u2 ?: k+ {. r4 D7 Creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' `4 R8 x  R. A6 J8 M% benlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( X$ m! ~# |4 L) [7 s( \! Vment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ k5 W# K7 b+ {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: U, q" {* n! g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( Z& P0 r  h+ P3 E7 d  mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ u! F+ b# _( e, E) n7 d0 Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 O5 D  o  V6 o; _1 }" |* G
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- W* i' A1 z1 D$ Y/ _6 I" L% N
bly more common than the rare case report in the% F/ X; f8 ~, \5 c) P
literature.4
, m8 O: W. n' j/ I& aPatient Report
3 x' {$ T6 x/ _- ]0 R+ D+ C  cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# N- v: ]4 L' Z1 Y; N4 Y2 Eendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  J/ E. T" C2 p& U; W4 L% w$ J
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ `5 I0 W+ t, ?6 D5 l8 z& w; olight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 y& V$ Z0 M" I; ^2 w. OFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& C+ |5 Q( ?* c% g/ y& r- XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 A) R( m5 a) k7 V- a
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 O( Y* i# N) B7 bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of4 K: Q* R+ d  U5 R" M1 ]/ h6 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 k( k' ?& h* m  }" `e-mail: [email protected].4 g$ p" f- T2 R4 M' |2 V% Q. R
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 M* g. C) U" P8 @; a5 L  Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
( \8 ]4 K! g$ [- t+ Vment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 ?( I% p6 P) M6 ~) S
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 i  Z' h. c8 j9 Ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
! z7 N) N; h7 y0 w4 a$ Y: j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 `. X* _7 P7 \$ m6 c* H, s0 Y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, c2 z. j+ x) j: d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
0 o' X% l5 F% P- \and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: e  I4 K& }- `2 l/ I+ T
was age appropriate.
$ W) U0 k8 h/ p3 I/ b6 b* _- sThe family history was remarkable for the father,# j2 L* t0 N6 ?( U' E$ L9 j& ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% N2 }1 \. \7 s" e8 l0 T
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 V6 }* t8 S9 S8 s- @8 m1 c
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: j. X1 V0 n4 H2 Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ h8 r2 ^0 w4 D. @The father denied taking any other medication. The% W* i8 @* W6 T, a* d
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% h5 x9 }# ]4 y8 q$ Zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 I. A1 `/ `6 ]1 \. g6 q& J) S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ r$ [* b3 i% w" \: x: ~6 B
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 g! t# @! k9 {$ ytives. There were no siblings.
- k# S3 {: j, X" lPhysical Examination# v5 ~9 K2 ?4 U% I4 d
The physical examination revealed a very active,, w" Q* b0 S7 Z: x# z" L+ N
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 h4 G( `* ], L+ i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) o. Y5 ^$ q) L# |. J5 w6 \* S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 f& U) d8 u. S+ Y. Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# r. n# E2 L+ _velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 `4 N: L6 k" i6 @: Y2 |' Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) ?# o, w  M* P0 e4 J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ A7 b9 l8 a4 V5 c% j# D2 Genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: w9 {# l7 N6 ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 v* X1 n& A& S( Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 I  U5 S. n3 W2 `5403 n$ G% g+ I1 l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& ]& h1 k0 H# Rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 [3 Q/ U0 i: J9 [' \8 h) p7 G* J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 u7 v- q0 C# C/ k, o; oThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 A4 X( W9 l1 n4 }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* s" \; b; c+ Y( a3 F! _8 w1 U3 b( j
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' q" N: x' i) u3 j0 m( |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ O8 ~' L: }6 x: f) P. bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, N. C' N  U- Y! G% ]) j/ k$ lof papilledema.
8 \7 O- A. J9 `$ T/ FLaboratory Evaluation1 @; F! e4 y* H4 M* k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by  G& a" z3 f; a% O; ?6 V4 |; L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: v( ^+ M2 p1 @6 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, u5 R. G5 q1 r/ [7 w# vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% u0 S, Z7 }5 L" ~
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 `: O5 t& ]7 n9 W+ Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).  f( S3 \  a4 A4 T# C5 m, _1 L
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 ~: ^6 _- V! a! P6 Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 O# Q8 [# C  T1 E+ k' W. }
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 E9 @# a, Y. G; L0 S# h' Zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( ?9 }  W! t6 x# B0 r
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: M! O: \/ _+ e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 Y2 H7 m/ d. K5 y" ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 [) W8 h+ ^) Pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 p7 f% J, }1 {' \) |6 @% B$ F49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) n8 c+ u1 N! V, {3 Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" H0 B& l8 P& v+ l2 e: Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 K9 J) E* F) [1 _  I% k# Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 a; A1 ]$ w2 w
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 D0 l7 B( `. s0 r  ~3 y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& Z& u: a  v3 C& Wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# V: C' {+ s. Z5 ]/ G" r7 `concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' r: d9 U7 ^0 u  O/ q: \
(prepubertal).0 m# ^3 s4 k' I8 }/ b
The parents were notified about the laboratory
: y$ G7 n$ J4 C. ]4 b! y8 C0 \results and were informed that all of the tests were
& k8 q% B  |  m- Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The' h! p2 Y0 H. l+ W) k
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( ?8 x6 L  q' Z) u  C. m5 @3 h$ {- h
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& T* \: H) b2 N. z* u
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 l9 \- \! w: m. ?6 ?2 O/ `9 E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 F( A: U: F0 N5 h5 ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- A- p# A  {4 U0 f. W  n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' X, E& j3 q. T' v% [% funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( ^+ S4 I4 q- d% m: p; H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ B8 m5 P+ O2 Q: I9 O
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 ]- i& J. y, ?: Z5 C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.* @% |/ @$ L. d
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 R0 ^, ~0 S* h) |8 c! s8 f4 \ing frequent erections.
$ _3 c1 d3 A( U' p6 U( OBoth parents were again questioned about use of- l. \4 j# Y9 y6 U  B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- E7 I; \. K* X0 n3 B1 W
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! ?0 a* F. o( F- R( o) ETopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" o0 a6 ?; y2 J1 @  x$ A6 Uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
" {, A' l# _: Xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! k- U& W: I- r( [
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 e+ @2 @7 B9 O& r& I: q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-- t  l4 v! \& O" V3 V- u) p
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* U7 @; G8 d4 Q7 h7 Msecondary to depression.8 Q  |9 T  M  G" b' Y
The child slept in the same bed with parents.& ]5 ]. N. V) ?7 K* Y4 `5 b
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 C$ v/ N! l, X: Z3 F6 G
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' j4 R6 o3 s* K/ ]( C1 pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 s$ u4 V1 I: h+ J+ }# y) r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,; \4 t) I/ [) Y. [- p% k# j$ W  s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 y, f' P" L3 @" Z, h( kwas high, he then read the product information
0 Z+ P, o2 C# B$ ~: y( e8 k( apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! S; h$ b; @- ?
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' [& c. S. |. j6 [4 m! j: |decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" T/ |' ?! e3 ], dfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ a) ~; a: S' @& S3 {( zbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 Y* e6 N5 ?0 H' a+ R. k+ ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
& k4 S- d% J8 k& Y) Zlaboratory to obtain the test.
5 h# G6 ?5 }0 hDiscussion8 Y& P, @+ J5 |0 c" c
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  s1 {  [- ]( f( k% `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  m9 C6 j  I/ y5 A; ?- Q) q
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 |# `  h" v4 I& ?+ Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' [0 v: S% r7 C  c" N8 ?( nthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 Q; a" o  I3 }# I. wmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 @& h/ ]0 E5 |; X- p3 e8 Z9 g  A
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ e- A5 G; K3 r/ }5 `. n
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% F- k7 ^# j0 P$ g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 D) D( ^$ r' x7 G8 K
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 O0 H" I, o* t& \/ P
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  x  P8 X2 N1 \) Y9 y6 X
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, T* j9 i! t" j8 R; K/ t& C, urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# C- d1 c' P5 y3 K: u- ?% a* b
gonadotropins.1,3
1 ^: O6 P! d8 e6 TGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 y0 D* {' M6 I1 f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: p6 c! I; Z. p, f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& }7 K# E9 _% z; u9 u3 k3 cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 L' G% S" y3 R5 o
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! U; x% Y. q. \& ]8 p" vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
6 a8 I* _; m1 Kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
$ _) K( q' ^# rpuberty in boys.3,4( n' ^5 {1 E" C
The most common form of congenital adrenal: _, C& F" e5 m# z  E
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 o6 J9 i; i: h1 Q& l7 v
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& H* w3 x7 H2 y8 d5 C8 xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ Z9 H" Y# @7 b  o0 u$ [
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% Q4 H* e( B9 M& m
excess.1,3
  F5 e: I( N0 ?0 l! T5 E3 w# Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( B( e' F* {; y8 K8 z1 t
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 u0 A, p5 U' ~0 d& E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- Z7 k/ c& u9 m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known, V7 d$ A: H% P; h5 I1 o
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a3 ~1 k( u$ t0 z: v! j4 f
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# |4 M7 W6 L6 t) \9 T/ Vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 X1 o! Q# Y* c+ t+ h, b! [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 n8 [/ X. q& I% n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 g6 W. c  ~5 G( o. ^: D( S) Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  O  d9 O$ z/ v7 w! apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-. a, k$ l5 F5 b) R1 g* `
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 Q. s$ A1 z$ g8 O- Q* [9 \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only. m% u+ U( n$ r; K
males; therefore, other male members of the family! G* T- a2 B9 ]" ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
; D  H3 `8 [! M. J" @In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' c8 M* I5 o' v" A( [0 z; rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- M% T* X- J: Ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' U% D" E: P* ^& A5 i2 o  I# {2 }
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 X/ a. h; u- m( v/ [started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* c- W- d: p  ]testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) n  ~7 `- j) e: }
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( T' N" H- ~5 W* B" T- qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ F1 P$ P9 `" i4 Abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' o7 A4 n" u+ z. z3 \3 K( Ieither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; x3 I6 x) e9 s2 L$ n# Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ g, \4 m# U0 V
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 e) m6 ^! r* I
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- h. _  m; V4 T3 J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 x0 D& v' g. S% \, Z# Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 N. o; t* Z: W. u9 V' h
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ U& k, j3 F: ~5 ]- Y; kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( x7 ]5 k# Q- Z% z/ C' [( S
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; k: N) r1 U- z6 L9 n" w# v
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' i+ X& g2 Z1 \* L( j4 y/ q) WDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 {6 m  m/ d  s. W: p: ^4 Q# Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! E! l+ h* h, E" B7 h: x# o: Lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 C( ~& r# S% M
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: j! W5 J8 ]+ y% P) b$ u, s# ^
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 \# ?; h5 u2 m# \/ h5 ~& geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' p# S) |5 R8 Y4 Q' i' W2 Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 \3 J1 [/ C$ b# z* Q- T/ g
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 {6 W$ Y' Y2 {: d3 Q" EOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ B7 V3 \; \, r6 J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; Y; u! E% @: D& z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 j8 f( v9 t0 Z# l3 R7 W9 A2 l
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 [' b& \* g* q& p) z8 a7 P% R9 L
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 t* C/ X' j+ M: y# }) b  ]4 Q' y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& X% Y2 q; T6 v: pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 P) {& C) x$ C3 l' s( z) r: n! B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 m) X9 q! S4 r0 t9 q+ M7 j- n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& T  t1 l7 N% o+ K8 E/ ~: |
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ U$ w$ {" M$ _' K+ O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- |2 m9 a* h! e  ^
early childhood on pubertal development and final
' R2 c0 a) H3 q& Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
: |( h( o6 U3 ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( y- e9 V7 m8 n1 J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 R& z, a# B: Wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) F& `) }6 h2 R3 _) Jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- ~! p. N7 T; b9 k/ t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" W$ d. F2 ]7 i! B: JThere are conflicting reports and controversy
4 u/ V, O5 L& x% Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: g0 L2 E1 p( `$ ypenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( |$ ^4 y; z% s* Z! ~, s0 Padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  \7 H) V9 S; s+ c
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ ?, _7 i, f# l6 W, ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 M3 Z3 u- M" H' a! ]" Rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- f! q! Q* {" S/ ~7 ypenile length in clinical studies.
% N" ~0 |5 I# `$ ^% b8 v3 l  R; ~Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 S( R( T, U, K! cgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from% r$ N; t3 s4 k; G! {: G7 d( i$ F8 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 Z2 v" @0 Q! L- m% E" b" Y" q6 _- c
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 p* h. S' k/ m: H% I- B( }' j3 Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. f, D5 }4 J4 e& Pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 i( S/ }: M& d5 E6 Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
# \: J1 l; Y8 ]8 Uheight will not be affected.
" a8 f5 X% r) t. l: U9 a; h- YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: [+ q* H* h7 t, ~# i: ]1 N: Mability of androgen products in our society may
$ E- A# ^% P3 i& qindeed cause more virilization in male or female; K9 ?0 @# O$ }  C4 b7 o8 P
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! f* x- b! h) p5 Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-; a" A  K1 J$ q$ W9 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 ]- z) Y! O1 Xgel should be asked of the family members during3 `& o5 H: V- P
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 L0 D9 d! P! Q3 ~
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 I4 P" E% m3 A$ J! C8 b* inosis can be established by just a few tests and by- G& q( Y& r1 m" Z# j/ G& \  O9 q# Z3 |
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 M) U7 f: j5 khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) K( x) Z. _0 \* P% _* q/ _result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 e* j) w% c1 k9 }, q& A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 a9 b* u2 m/ f' H. aaware of this fact, because most of these children
/ a. ?0 f5 d: c' m" ^9 k& P+ vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 x0 ?2 q$ i" f! e
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 K; P9 n1 y, j" I: y8 B! A; T5 ^warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 @8 |1 G: P2 F6 C' g; _" Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 |9 [7 i* i2 `$ V
one using any of these products.# l# o. U3 D0 ~0 V! p0 h+ r
References( \  C/ k& n" U: u; I0 j0 R; R) b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: t: @* ?* d3 l. e! B: ?8 f$ Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ E; \+ k) {8 F' j7 z- q( NEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 c' Z) o$ s5 d8 _/ p$ x) N6 D5 u
2002: 565-628.# C7 }# L5 r6 S6 _" w" h, Y/ L5 m
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  b. ?% f; B$ d, D- }puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
0 Z0 h' H5 ]2 Z" l
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表