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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 }* t. B0 _5 ` ^2 j. E9 FBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 k, E( g, Y& Z% q% T$ G: M; ^, KExposure to Testosterone
' R+ K/ J1 [7 w1 U% ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' t& B+ N+ r. Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: p* ]! X, m7 h. \
Clinical Pediatrics0 u4 o/ k i. X7 R" m; ~
Volume 46 Number 6' X; n0 ]% D/ o% b. N8 Q
July 2007 540-543
$ K! p' w( M8 N2 n© 2007 Sage Publications1 L3 \0 F6 K# a: V8 k0 F0 n$ l
10.1177/0009922806296651/ f, n+ x5 I b, m. v
http://clp.sagepub.com7 Q9 g8 |( f6 _; j
hosted at
# G+ k- o4 X6 V1 N! n, p7 I; i phttp://online.sagepub.com& l; w9 v% q" [% s; X$ D
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ q; v( t* H; j3 V2 B1 vis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 P0 Q$ Z- T) I7 ~7 r& u9 P8 K0 r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ ^* ]% \8 J7 K4 d9 h; Y; `9 n+ mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
x* o9 x/ T. |6 ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 Z9 V9 n6 a( |% ^ Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. S8 {4 B2 e* Nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ R# K8 a0 I( y' ]* g% |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- F; g, L2 `$ ?% Z4 X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ z+ l3 E5 _1 V: r: E0 k# f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) A& ?# e( m( D' O+ C3 k xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! a! I( m' T/ Z7 Hment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 ]: J0 O, @: s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ @" o, i9 H, _+ vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-- E4 _, k8 `, O- i- I1 N* ?
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 e2 B; B" u/ u3 J4 o8 ^, hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- q7 `' R- ~4 A
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) z7 [6 ?1 A5 l/ \* s: I1 @bly more common than the rare case report in the
5 b# |* G1 }8 N- y4 K x, jliterature.4
) }% ^8 C! p, I) V \Patient Report
, Q; t0 t) a8 L& p' m/ r1 KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 U/ ^) A* [8 N" |/ @7 C' z" s; h- i
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. j6 p7 x& l; d5 H: }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& n' I. q5 b( [8 [% Plight colored pubic hair development when he was$ Z0 Q+ V! O2 w8 j4 x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 V+ g4 c; m' r! g k& zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ }; z5 m5 ], ~1 ^; P8 b5 O
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 n5 w6 q5 k) c3 _Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 V! u& ~7 t7 p, m7 r
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ _5 L; Z S' [- C8 ye-mail: [email protected].# ~) d8 B' [, P. k6 I
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 q, {5 X( D- W
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge- \- {5 F6 o& \4 J! f+ D7 P3 x
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ^" j" \/ w% ? u+ [was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' J7 Y; Z9 V/ ?! h- `a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 n; g* o z; p. N9 D( X4 T- k) E20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( T& o" V- y! {& {# Xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: }3 Q+ y8 t5 K& O2 P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, b$ [9 y/ b$ G! dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: m: G+ s% O: }7 _8 Lwas age appropriate.6 [; E. t5 x6 m9 r r9 ?7 e. [
The family history was remarkable for the father,% [% K) }3 Y, y0 Q: H$ _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 S9 t3 U9 q( N) N/ Q3 e. a W
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! `2 ?5 e& o5 ^3 z- E! Gheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
6 @ W- z4 U, |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& c" K3 `$ H3 A' A9 f2 q( u- \The father denied taking any other medication. The
& a9 @5 E, R0 n" ?7 O4 a# m& Ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 U+ `5 X C/ j3 A; E
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, R. y8 H2 j3 S& F2 v5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 y4 y& S. u7 {! n1 r$ W) k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-6 m: W& R" A. }% e0 R2 h
tives. There were no siblings.
! X" t5 n, U& XPhysical Examination
8 ?9 g! r( x$ r6 V% }The physical examination revealed a very active, [( w6 C/ }* c2 H% ], K7 I% I+ O# c
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) T. x6 f; X; }: t
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 M$ S! E! [; ^4 W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: k6 G- o, B! N5 ~
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth4 U: ^3 o/ X8 W. B# [3 O0 y a
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# ]; ?7 g4 K: S# }: r7 D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.; B+ l4 ?+ G, m# x% J4 @4 N
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 ?; |' U1 B, B/ \ m
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, {* r8 k2 y1 @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 \3 c6 k2 r& E- fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) ]) W8 u6 _4 m3 q! T540
2 e$ C) I" g p! jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) V( a# I" [3 T1 H/ C4 Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 a" V; K+ s8 D7 M" G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! E! v4 H% A7 q, a2 k+ Z* G4 e
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ |, {! l6 D; }# E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
7 w% |* c2 u7 a( Y4 Fabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 y: v2 e/ E. Q' T( W2 J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 ^' n9 X3 J/ X( T, O! tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! \# c* l% ~5 c
of papilledema.
7 ~' s% ]# L% y- J+ BLaboratory Evaluation1 u0 q* Z& ^4 H2 X* L
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* c+ M4 B, h6 `/ t3 r7 Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- \' Z$ X+ ?. @logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal a6 ]# G( ^9 ]+ U/ V: ~0 H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ k3 M! x/ a% Q! x
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 v- Y( ]7 E/ c5 U& O- p4 k! a9 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
, _6 B6 w7 k5 O3 G% p. KThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood, z* ]8 H7 W( ], Z5 U; E
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 n+ e: ~6 S, t' j7 I; _3 cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, V# c8 {8 V, {% |: K: v" gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" B0 T/ }0 _& V, [6 m9 O% m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% h: v- o& ?$ S% n: ~+ U
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 W: K1 r/ [# \+ u H" [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, s$ C: |: b3 @; M7 Y2 |7 ^7 Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 O6 ^6 ^4 v0 @% Q0 P \0 l/ h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 [; M4 k$ a4 ?* z8 J1 bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-; `6 i+ ]4 \& m" Q2 A. g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 @' d3 H7 E# [# }4 g/ c6 ttestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ P5 n5 @% L, Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 v& k H' Z5 |9 A+ }6 T! e
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 i2 I& j$ t5 U
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) O3 _. e6 ?$ Q' M* gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* k1 c$ `% W, B6 [) o(prepubertal).
& A& l/ h! s2 {The parents were notified about the laboratory
- A9 n" Z' J2 K' j m Q M/ `results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 ^. I8 Q Z7 o0 o( x: knormal except the testosterone level was high. The
t# t( n0 e r. r! sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 N9 n0 q' J7 W" Q4 M4 A4 y7 y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 J. j& P5 G' r6 M2 ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* c" G! j# Y8 s# i# }! p' oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
# K5 ^. i, ?" x+ v: I6 T" C( wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained" Y0 t7 {: z# O/ m" e
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- p1 y$ W K7 `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 F; T- q i& ] z4 a. C2 w6 R5 g
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, E) s" o& A" z- j: e. |the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
/ ]+ s2 O0 c, i9 X1 Z3 S/ v1 mmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. T" G: }( a( v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 q% U- r `) O# u7 ning frequent erections.
' f* L) i8 T& S9 |- m5 a1 `9 wBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# l" P6 O! j% [( y) sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 Y; j7 \% E% E6 O! T1 k" {the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: Z# m: I! D7 e8 |9 E1 j2 y6 i; R
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 {3 E2 c0 ?# X9 x+ q% tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ |: b9 Z1 d: q( E
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! u' k8 L% E% ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 L" `. q- ^1 q; ^
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% |0 e8 S* @+ V" E
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
# P- I+ g0 i! R8 H# u+ Nsecondary to depression.
# P* l4 y) S" M& r* HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 ^* C, }1 [: j+ Q( C, _) gThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( Q& |$ ^7 j" g9 ~; c, ^" lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
6 s6 L4 {8 K- }7 ^/ }: I, {: snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ o7 A8 W- M$ k5 q3 T9 R
The father also admitted that after the phone call," m& V" I) w5 e; F+ H+ b
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 d8 i1 S$ l% n5 ^, ]1 f% \6 C
was high, he then read the product information
1 L ]" o# ?. A$ g6 n: Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
* a5 l& q% W( Q' P" J, @4 u! g, Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! j' v0 y, I2 f% |) s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) r4 c$ s# x: kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; ?) i: N" t8 u+ F* r, wbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; H8 j2 \+ m B- G, b: {, _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 A: y9 E' t2 O' y8 ilaboratory to obtain the test.
1 @' W9 X9 K/ Q/ RDiscussion
+ j, s7 L# y( G# r$ h, N( K8 cPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( q" S) D0 W7 Q7 s+ {: ?sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' @. E) `+ k% n! h2 [4 t2 K
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 \' Z1 w+ H2 w+ e$ i4 x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 r# J! [7 f0 m' D
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! A/ Q o& A2 I( |+ qmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) P3 F5 w% ?8 y' C; `may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: c% \# @$ z" S) \ c; ?- Z8 W4 Q. iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
% u* o- D5 J/ b1 s4 M6 W6 k8 ]amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- Y" U, b; S/ i6 w n$ T$ k& K
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 o4 H+ j' T# ], L, U5 x8 r# P" h" |boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) F% t+ M0 X7 p2 v" Z/ r$ @' aization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; `: {5 S& l* [0 h! S& S- P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% M. G) J% p; I4 E- E+ e3 Lgonadotropins.1,3
. K0 i0 t1 r$ M! t, Z" NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% J( ]) q1 [! d& j% lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. o% t2 h" K; a& Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( S/ d) U4 f1 ?% \+ e# s; p+ S
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% j0 V0 _6 m8 n/ X
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; F" `5 \; h; b# D, U, t
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% C2 J9 C/ K! aadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 b2 D4 h1 r4 W3 q7 r6 K
puberty in boys.3,4
1 l9 S" g8 ?$ n: c5 m( [: z* S+ AThe most common form of congenital adrenal u6 ]6 }9 J0 g
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 h5 F( c5 H& Y, ?" J, Z- i; D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% A# T) j0 T- M
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 Z: i8 d `* a% H: i) L- c1 {
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 |. T! G% f, `' t, G Zexcess.1,32 m8 {0 x w* k6 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* t8 H) C; y! b$ @3 u- Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
0 S3 A3 w! i/ o4 G# ]4 J7 ?6 TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 O5 a8 p/ Q. z8 }
independent precocious puberty, which is also known1 x# X$ t* x* [- v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ d$ U; S1 U7 q/ B( q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 L) l/ P+ I2 i/ X3 cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 @- o$ N- ~+ ?( \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& I2 e1 R3 p+ \* jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ J( R# \7 y. t; k+ x) R$ oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: J8 w1 H) c% A& B
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
1 H9 a# {; A, e0 I3 C. treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 A3 Z7 U" m/ Gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only: b: |9 z6 C7 i; n" s
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 A& A2 p+ G- g# }+ i8 d# `, qmay have similar precocious puberty.3- J% F: o) l0 L& b/ @
In our patient, physical examination was incon-) J3 }$ h4 w2 B$ ^6 C/ j
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; F& f6 F$ r" Q: zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 O1 f: ?3 r1 a2 } P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father0 e0 E. g# V) b* m3 g$ b
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
Z# b* b1 F" K3 b$ H6 z, ^2 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
, z; f# P! V5 C$ s2 t: ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" g1 ^& k+ V$ ~6 Y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: d* \/ P. s: W* l O( C1 cbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 I9 s. L& t, s8 S! B I \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. L- U! C0 ?7 ^% Q$ u# kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! L+ R, e! _; \1 }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- H) q! F1 Z/ l9 _
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 x( r: a9 U+ j. _* Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" S" }, {9 y* Y jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- G7 q$ }- Y) n8 c1 i3 ~% ^pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' N- ^) R: `# c. p5 ]- A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! i; X% y0 r% _8 U! ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ U# A9 u; a' P" yusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* Q+ X9 b5 b. @! G3 q& t& Z) eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
e* ]. J% x3 y! ^" Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to; a* k( k; R- W% C {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 H. q5 d1 C; e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( K. j+ F' F" A4 ]4 ~. R$ b" mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ I: r5 T) t, x3 }% keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male3 ?# F- n4 h, a6 X! m* c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. l K( y7 j" Y' }) v8 J0 e8 J8 y1 ^tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 Y! B, g! D" c" V5 T A7 a
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: {2 ?/ d' s) e, E5 dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% f1 ]9 a, k" A9 g1 a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 d8 t3 `5 r2 G, n, H) Y) Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! j1 J, w; t. a& b% V
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- T$ W6 j. w" l7 Zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( {( g4 j; H0 n/ q& S+ h
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 M' Z7 R$ @2 w4 B& {$ P5 I# z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 L% z/ s3 B& U- n7 _ u
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ H) p! n" U/ f1 a3 L& X/ e6 v/ Oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# A6 y. T N7 l; Y5 W5 e
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( x% k( h$ }7 Zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
- `! O, D# M3 C3 {4 f. madult height are not fully known and always remain; Y7 K+ y9 ^) }* A& E( o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) I& F4 z' b `: w5 O7 t* q7 Fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( C9 g/ m7 P% sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 ]( K0 v7 d, N- D5 a3 gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& T6 a( W+ d% X/ m; N8 Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. f- R4 \# }$ r! v2 q6 S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
% X) i+ q+ C4 d1 V2 `over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult/ f ~, R$ J P) K* z' G/ s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( B* {6 n6 P7 S( ~& E; ?# z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 F9 d5 F! a% X0 ^! x5 y; P3 Uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 M* ^3 a/ j; D& s; }+ ASutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 {8 F4 G2 t9 A" F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 P. s( P- b" @penile length in clinical studies.) a. E) q( {1 {4 H
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- d3 j7 z9 Z9 V* Q+ |5 d
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 D& V: b! m* o7 _% ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 d% I$ G, S, K6 I. ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 ]: ]5 q( }! }7 c+ \- ^3 x! QAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
}- X4 F6 K4 p8 Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* n. _0 i0 j2 B1 N( s/ Q. _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, c& \! _; H" M9 x5 F3 w
height will not be affected., T; \- ^- `* R, D7 e( t
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-: `3 u) K/ }; w- J U8 t! x' X! Q
ability of androgen products in our society may
! L, s9 p x6 G: Y% ^indeed cause more virilization in male or female ~: I" D$ s2 t& T2 P" q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ ~; O7 q# m! k! w2 Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 X- D; u7 t, \& s1 U2 ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( m7 R* R9 m# z) ygel should be asked of the family members during& `! A& K5 s v8 I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! c: v6 s8 A" T5 W5 d9 zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# c! P! e* O ^( G3 Y. C0 j+ q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by L( i6 ^4 r# K1 d: j
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* _ I' j: h2 t# D0 p& d4 N
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
]# H2 ^( X8 presult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 h6 X! ^7 H$ W
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 q$ h( o% `$ J1 k: a# k1 P
aware of this fact, because most of these children* ~* R) m$ @% a5 F2 ^7 U8 M9 h9 X
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ v7 a% e5 @% \- y' b
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( s/ P' X7 E- q8 [0 y% n |6 `warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- c5 a9 }8 Z8 o
female child who might come in contact with some-
+ `1 ]" @9 U, t1 rone using any of these products./ X0 y- Z! L( j
References4 w" Z( R( y. B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) j) ^$ d. F* k) Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" k7 M4 Q( m# n! y) s) C' ?Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 N! A% E7 a4 F( L, d* m$ o2002: 565-628.
( ^8 e# y, ~+ A1 R( z/ |* c2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ ~- x) O% I4 J: e& [
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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