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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ [: ^! m" w7 ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 {8 k a6 j- Z( [ h# M$ }
Exposure to Testosterone
7 b& v% j9 X8 p" t X9 @, HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 R$ B1 |$ X8 Y4 | }
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 V7 L, u1 Z' B9 e8 H5 ]4 A
Clinical Pediatrics" X, a& D: V- v0 b" g4 a
Volume 46 Number 6' v0 e9 x# }9 B, d _) F, T# C; d6 l
July 2007 540-543
: w; w2 l5 e2 y. v( L6 I+ x' R1 n© 2007 Sage Publications# _. j5 g6 N' s# X, X
10.1177/0009922806296651
! b3 i* y8 B/ I. l$ ?$ R2 I* Whttp://clp.sagepub.com; u3 ?2 {8 Q1 t# K8 g" Z
hosted at
/ Z9 L b% G$ O( d: Zhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 W$ z: R$ E# T7 |# `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 [) V6 i, S" X4 n9 X/ J/ @is a significant concern for physicians. Central& @3 o2 b6 Y' K% O
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ R8 y% L' p2 i( I0 E
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ T ~: K' w' P9 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% ~7 g3 d) V! V/ r/ d! B
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- @; | R, Z! H7 mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 m2 w! K: g# m9 T8 H+ i! Q2 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' u2 R& x& e; Z. acles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) P* a6 s" _1 h2 `* ], i; t
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- m2 I/ v/ l0 [6 w4 E. |. Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. \6 ~0 d" N8 R1 ]8 L6 e* D7 l4 _ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% ]0 S( v J* H
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by G" a5 A$ F% F Y! p! _
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 q6 e) G( j8 G ]3 B1 i0 Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- S) ^/ ^3 j9 @4 V' E8 t8 V J0 P* }child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% Y# Z/ x1 Q$ {$ J' ]; d9 j8 Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# R( [0 ^ ?; j* J4 |# V( L
bly more common than the rare case report in the' O( o, E/ u2 p' ~. f; {/ @4 {
literature.4
/ V2 l3 E D' Q& k# ~* EPatient Report. ]# y" K2 i7 C4 M# {7 K1 l+ r8 C
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' G+ W4 B6 P& W% q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' l0 L# b$ D: h- iof early sexual development. His mother noticed, |9 n( y/ B" {: T2 ~& E) l
light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 a0 W: r, P* w# j6 Y+ m- gFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& c2 s: d* ]1 i$ q- ^; r, v- D0 rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 {. z0 [% C4 k* p, a. YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 p( r% w7 V, G+ @( ~' X3 q5 K
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: e9 B' R" T _ ^8 D# b2 ZMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 ]/ j- U: b* Z0 t# ^
e-mail: [email protected].
9 }3 p5 R+ }% ]about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; w: ]; G5 o4 j2 N0 o' v Pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ h! P) `# h# B2 ?+ o u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child5 @; m$ d& a: A: F, m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 D8 j( O" B `; U) `+ ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ b/ z8 R, \9 W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 _* e. I5 R) l; l* \! \7 f nof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 M- c# W: a" t; L5 E7 o, ?8 `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ Z1 q5 [$ Y7 U+ vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ _ l3 F, w' f7 _# y: u5 d: T k. Fwas age appropriate.
* J* Q- d% n$ S' n' q) V9 m5 [The family history was remarkable for the father,
3 b+ W0 j2 l5 T& }- ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ f. i9 r( y* ^$ k! i
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% D5 _" q' I# j1 [! c. e+ Kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 T! k8 ^ E; ?* ? M% {
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- {; I( @" Z' s$ N" h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- B0 J: r; B2 h( k( m9 Ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% @* Y L' X6 p1 a" J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' z# \5 c9 ~% @3 a j5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ j* \1 I% n, y8 Y9 |* Dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 E m6 M: c' ]
tives. There were no siblings.% i1 J# V1 f% v# {+ f! W3 x4 }( w" Z% L
Physical Examination: Y1 ^9 s/ m; c/ ]4 y
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 _; j7 C" l& q, @; x' k: `6 T
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 H$ c& u1 C. v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, [% f1 \( d, U
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
u U8 H, [4 i! k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! d G* Q. p: R1 J% `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# A% R; k( X2 i/ O* @0 m `the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 w {9 m, n4 B, O; J+ iThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ `8 B7 z$ x3 C+ V4 p* Xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* i$ [2 E* n/ @
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
5 a% Y; y0 `! @5 c1 ` @developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) j) C9 v9 \( ^' K7 C, N5409 m) L& N8 s) x9 g, Y5 ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. U+ P! Q, z, D* ]the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( |) A, E8 Q$ J4 M# o$ K8 }testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.9 s/ k, L- [" V. V
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 V) H. v. z) P' d' w1 G4 G- ]' aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, d6 f* x# F7 z$ u
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# k7 w# n) m3 ^; qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' b' r" G3 L2 B5 u: I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# ~$ m8 V6 _- B! p& t+ @2 M/ Y" b3 ~
of papilledema.
1 T# `# O3 ~; c) ~: nLaboratory Evaluation
8 A7 T/ L! s5 Y/ } LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by# y% Y; B1 @$ g& a
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
4 M* ^2 h6 q5 E0 I) t, k1 E7 ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 S$ ^- F9 x* q4 O3 t
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, ~' X, B1 ~" s2 R3 D- _+ f- N' ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( r6 c! e( r! y9 o( s3 x& |- a/ @4 xlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: G7 W& Z- n4 _& Z/ |. s5 u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' M: h* M, t; |4 P- [4 \# t }5 u
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were o2 Z1 y/ X |* L3 C* Y
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# J5 l6 S8 j8 U5 q$ W7 zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! r3 W/ m+ G x1 o- o! a+ o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 _% h- l. O& wng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 q5 T% b. a( o1 oterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& X' c- F$ S1 P0 c$ sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# R" X' g, k2 j" t5 a
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 ?4 b7 S2 `$ D6 E1 t+ ]. j
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" `- a7 v4 s7 d
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' m* |7 e# @3 ^+ |
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),- F8 S+ d2 `; X' z4 D2 \) u2 @- h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
& V+ h; k% m+ b5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* l4 H w0 A! P% h% }3 c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 q. w+ u7 L& ]2 `' I
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL2 l) h1 @5 U" {% `% X- o5 q# G
(prepubertal).5 h! B& P9 [9 V9 ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory* `/ M8 ^& n, j# c
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' D' }$ ]% G( T+ E% D! _+ ^normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 C5 p# ]" ^( J7 W2 kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) c. ]& d* \8 I! Qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ C- X; b% e. {" K& W# Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.: q9 R, _( B9 ^, ^) G& H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 c+ k! R. ~. R5 O" a) r2 ~" D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
Z) j( R8 b1 F- s/ m# D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 K# | W! @+ M4 w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ {8 o7 M G4 c* W
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 Q! S' q' E4 n0 y6 F4 i9 j" sthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ I$ D7 {8 e; I7 e1 d2 Q7 [
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 j9 e: l9 A% E" ]7 cThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& L' B* v5 M1 O3 I" f. z4 u* d) D5 _8 Ling frequent erections.
0 ^- _4 _$ w% B& w4 E! j$ w7 zBoth parents were again questioned about use of
a1 s& ]8 n7 |7 j. H- y Rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ h$ l2 G( u( H1 p4 R3 x% R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
5 f9 O1 t8 E VTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541 ~; f9 g# o0 H2 N* b6 g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 x, I1 }/ e( E3 a& H
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ }& S m: ]' e2 N* R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 m; f# K b/ s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ W: n2 I' A l1 T7 i" c
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ s! K) }6 z/ J5 R/ ^$ x* wsecondary to depression.
$ j5 e" d% b- r$ f- Y* {The child slept in the same bed with parents.8 |2 ]) E6 g9 T% r
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( y% b* s _0 r' l+ zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 x5 |# |" y/ Z: {5 n" K: jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# ]8 j Q+ j9 S; ~/ i3 o+ j: z8 z5 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,2 S, p, a. s: K8 [0 t; I2 A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: X" O- U* q! z% q1 H. Swas high, he then read the product information8 ], s8 _ O1 D) A o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' O8 X. z _0 _: a( r; bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they }/ f5 C3 f) B: r8 L7 |( G: y. y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& ^ s" z) I0 o; {0 c
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* v! ~ q$ }" V3 Fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 u" Z. X" T8 P P6 _+ e" ]/ Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 }% N0 `$ e: \' s* R
laboratory to obtain the test." a& o8 l) l2 v4 ?# L* L) N. `" L- p
Discussion
# \: Z/ m' G: a0 k0 ]9 NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: z7 M0 x W! T5 @, H+ d7 Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4' Z5 W) J4 x3 o# @8 l
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ s4 e% E( Q) e4 s
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 K$ g0 L4 _% s- pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ z" p7 Y* s2 C( t/ N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 i0 z( h0 Z7 d/ h* Kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 j" M" g) V `- s* j+ yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-( L7 }; ~" j) y3 O7 _0 c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ W2 l v2 G T8 U! q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 f1 k# d7 E- P% [; O0 D( f, O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 g: E% q0 v( O! t
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( \. d5 S7 I& k& Q8 {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 D0 Q, Z" v- Dgonadotropins.1,3
, z+ V$ i, P$ @6 fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- q! H n% s' n6 _) {
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, B! e+ K( u0 B* k+ m6 v
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 @& I* v9 m$ u/ L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" U: d- C( E, P- [7 @0 W$ pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 b7 L, P4 d `9 l! L' X5 t# |congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# |2 }# T; c# h" D* K' V
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 @3 l' d, ]: @7 X4 }9 f
puberty in boys.3,4' b/ h# Q5 G; T! j2 P9 A/ S
The most common form of congenital adrenal' ^7 U* e) S& o# D0 Q7 |( S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 t" ^# B; c3 C) C
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; D$ | f- ~$ a! T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! A* S1 k5 V4 uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" G7 r2 e% Z5 j/ W; Sexcess.1,3- V: ?) A5 c" h# R4 t- ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ U, Z* X& f3 ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ ^$ j! ~; _% k# p& U R
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' Q5 w% ]! e% uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
" _0 b' a- R& Bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# J1 b, a* Y) n( k- A' r0 t
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 E5 S z+ n8 h" k+ r- ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; F5 U. i1 ]: Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( [- o" x7 Y3 W% H q; z
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% ^9 z" X; ?8 E
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 W& U* f/ i( E3 \& k2 }. b7 b1 x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) X. T/ H9 T" l7 F* w$ Areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ |& m8 D( L# Mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
v! A$ }# a6 g8 _' Q8 q' {# dmales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 H" V4 q( P/ e" p! Kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
# O' `9 g0 D: M( CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" ~' R# D0 R) X7 z. r' V
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# w/ t7 {! E( v. k) Z
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, g3 r8 f1 z. e* Z- P9 b
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
, k, J$ M/ c1 u' y* Y( {, i. kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 k1 h% P( D5 R5 ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( u" _2 s- k0 _3 M* xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! q; q3 ?" {- l0 V6 b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 h$ a! ~2 [6 f% m4 X; Z# Ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 L7 g; {) e/ v7 A9 [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 K0 Z3 s8 l6 U& }. t
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* ?: L* M4 j5 M$ Y1 _! h1 |7 P
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- p- P! w+ a& JThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" {" ~" Q* |$ T$ l$ qsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. A' S0 ] D- W- R
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 N- u. S% I5 C, W {$ {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ T/ v+ S0 G; ^+ I# K' I+ k9 ^decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 n) K* m( K+ x) |0 p* S `' b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( f; c* V7 ]7 j) [5 Musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 k5 x' U) A5 m$ c+ r7 W: D7 O9 eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 ?' \* R5 C, }& Z# L( Qcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! P1 l' V3 K; N" Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. J! D. M J; A. ]- P9 Z# j
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, D' A t# p% r1 Xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to; I, F: u( [1 q1 Q" J0 f
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 m9 e/ z# H+ P+ j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! Y5 g7 `& } T% n/ n- x4 otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: T8 K& j! S! ` @4 B( U: V
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' Q7 x- w) m+ ]7 V1 S" _/ e+ S& R8 E9 N
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
D4 B+ R2 ~$ Fdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) u7 {( T) ~. b: _terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. F1 ]! t& E& |3 m; v9 o$ g
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 y2 D7 I& x6 m: U
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 Z' y9 T0 l! I/ ?0 t; z! H J1 Kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! I8 r. K [9 V& l- w2 {6 b
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& B# i! v/ H- F- K5 C; O3 s4 d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
% L1 q& z* w9 N9 Sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; j2 \9 f. o9 K7 G) p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
- e3 g/ f' l: @early childhood on pubertal development and final
' Q2 A* r0 Y/ Wadult height are not fully known and always remain
Q6 s% }1 [ \4 e) xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 ? _8 A+ y: t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; y# b% O4 U4 y& j. r. Bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 q ~' O, A2 w4 F# Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& ?. Q) d* x! ~0 g6 ^8 Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( u8 i3 J* e$ q2 O
There are conflicting reports and controversy- v/ P( }+ s) ]* G+ O& a
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% w2 c i3 @- H' v3 Y5 _# j# U; ^1 A" vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; r: o4 `# f' X3 eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 b3 \! d8 U9 P! bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 K7 w. |6 p H. Q: K+ R' U8 JSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 L# T. [( x0 K% B8 Gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; V: O5 y& ?7 `" V5 ?+ R
penile length in clinical studies.
( g3 h5 N0 G/ a3 ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ K3 \1 M2 [3 M- a) m s& t
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 Q- R2 ?& O2 h1 |! k
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' l3 f/ r/ y3 fthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 v& ]2 ]# m( g5 f. \Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 J; y0 r8 n( f/ T- i; m, m9 q$ {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) X/ {# E% v. ~; G* Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 w I* _( d9 {7 }& X
height will not be affected.
2 E8 R9 k9 Y; P3 a/ F6 g$ BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( G8 K$ T4 v" O3 D$ v
ability of androgen products in our society may, G5 k3 x9 _! L/ O3 p
indeed cause more virilization in male or female8 T; P' N6 k2 H8 Q- }4 t0 u
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# ~( o3 _ _) g
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 ]- m, u; x6 T' @ `: w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& h3 U. F4 @8 e A7 ggel should be asked of the family members during
- f6 l7 ?5 k- y9 U7 qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# c) ~+ F y* g
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 c! M/ i# |& {; a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 \1 ?8 `$ W) h( ]6 z/ ~appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& m) ~0 D. S, S( Y. B* uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 P& k4 x, p% K- { w% [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. e1 h2 x7 R. Y; ?
investigation. The primary care physician should be
7 q. m! O6 N* t/ ?& |3 U" laware of this fact, because most of these children" J6 x6 _; j* t$ o% \6 |$ e% U
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 t; G8 v* ~; \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! {* s( Y8 A, {4 a% ^' vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' R) b& x9 c: v; C
female child who might come in contact with some-
( D& a1 o" N' u3 lone using any of these products.
1 I8 x4 L/ H1 T. `" BReferences( f: w0 n# T. j W: n0 `( G6 b- _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
* K5 {, Q( K4 V5 m8 B9 wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, l6 { P/ T5 n' V% A$ d7 M
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) v/ b. @) f' I8 T* S0 s4 B4 j. y. d
2002: 565-628.# k* q$ X6 C6 F5 I
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% C t, M7 ?; o) M; hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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