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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 J/ n% A$ C. R( f! |+ G5 d" BBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( F/ i" ], L, V  N1 M& C+ C! FExposure to Testosterone) T! P; L* V" |9 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2  Z! i7 y4 R( E8 e
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ L0 G' x& y% k5 Q0 T) E9 WClinical Pediatrics
/ c7 n6 @2 v2 IVolume 46 Number 6
! z, |5 h" _. Q. \2 N! HJuly 2007 540-543
. S6 g8 |" G# w9 R; \2 i! ~© 2007 Sage Publications
8 m; X0 K# X4 z4 o0 a& J10.1177/00099228062966510 p9 w  q1 }- R8 w6 O) ?; d% Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
. F1 y/ _. [( _' Yhosted at5 K) P+ B+ u( v/ }
http://online.sagepub.com
% W( \, z* ]% D: r' oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 B" z/ `" M1 U5 y1 w+ ~2 Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central: t5 W8 z3 [) E9 w- e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& N5 ?' w. J- G! M. k. e0 ]through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" [2 b' K+ P% \& U/ `$ G
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 J  v4 Z3 J1 p1 G+ ?1 A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested  }% X1 p1 X8 k( D+ i/ X- Z
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' `" O  M; n9 L% b+ w2 w; N/ Q' Z% p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% u/ q- H& {6 `% Z8 ]( icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
* ~0 D# _$ g2 O' ~6 dreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- n6 _( W' `2 W; h2 h4 c
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ c0 b" Q& P  O- I- n& }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; y2 v# J0 z1 w, y5 X0 @to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# d* `$ \9 T1 \7 h4 O  T! Y2 b* Bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 ?2 f4 ?9 h$ S9 b' ~- Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 T/ h' b/ [7 \2 p* @$ n1 t7 Achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 _) m7 L6 w- v7 R3 |0 a
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 b: s! B7 X6 ably more common than the rare case report in the
  M  n# k1 I' N$ oliterature.4
' d( Q3 Z3 N1 m3 W& o5 R# UPatient Report
  V& J$ Y; F& e# W( XA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' U+ ^1 ]3 N8 S) J* x; E; m+ P
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
% w$ v: {, l" J9 m. v9 f0 \of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ E: c" |, f8 N( U! T# L2 v
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& w' m  I# ]; @: i& i( y& oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. Y5 s; K- Z+ d& ~/ @1 U; m
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 s7 ?& N# }+ `Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 V9 |4 F. {, C' lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& @4 B" y$ s8 t9 w# t
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* N- {/ p9 ~: ^4 t) [3 ~1 ne-mail: [email protected].
1 C0 j  Z9 j* w' f# sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" p5 X/ S* Z$ j. A! F3 o$ t0 |. ~darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) s3 ~: E8 E/ p" _, B5 H# U! c6 Zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 q6 s' R. p0 u$ ?# Fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 a8 k' G- c2 M  E/ U2 D2 t! t6 W. a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 i6 d& m5 W5 p2 ~+ M20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 M. ?$ Q8 J# O6 g4 ~+ T
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 g7 y+ Y4 a  y+ \solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 G7 C" F6 T* Land his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 f6 L* p) c) G: D- [0 y) w0 Gwas age appropriate.
+ i; k+ X7 Y4 L, X( o" N8 ?The family history was remarkable for the father,0 ?7 d  A* z# M4 U. N! }# A
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 q# G$ |2 T) k+ Vwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# s9 C( k$ j: y& b$ theight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 i3 q; F) r9 l: u: M# ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 C7 e0 `* I7 F1 c; B
The father denied taking any other medication. The
) B1 |! G1 K, i% C: r8 j- o5 z$ gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' e1 Z8 E0 i2 O+ N1 M, Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& b# g, L0 w8 i/ Z( C1 w3 v9 x1 B. N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- A# k  ]. m4 d( j" wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, }) @, n  |- r
tives. There were no siblings.
- P+ |3 h8 S* D! EPhysical Examination
. s4 s# {$ S1 q8 l" jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 X. f9 \2 t" ]3 ]  P8 k% U/ Zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' k# [$ G: Y; t( P3 L2 Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
' w$ _* u" n) C90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) f' R9 ]1 w9 u0 K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 t) C1 B3 h* J4 d  D6 U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of3 ]9 @8 u" G' D) R/ b* g! b
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.; f3 M# a' D. M# e5 G8 P" s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 U7 ]- L& X/ q1 r
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 ^# g; m4 B" b1 F- D* a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 V; A  N9 K# k, E* U$ c) M
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ o* N' h; @$ {( u; ^& u: B, B, N# z540
" f; S: h1 n, w4 U! j5 r4 e7 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ [* k- R* Q& ~+ ~2 F' Z9 }# P; Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 D* b4 Q* U1 j  z: S9 p2 C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* m9 w% }7 U+ mThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  `) d( u6 U; a$ g  xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ ]3 n: c4 T# M! ]% P% X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) l" H2 {6 e" M+ Z3 jNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# l5 z, K9 X: f( F+ A1 R0 W1 dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 W" H2 \1 x# w! s+ f
of papilledema.9 K* g& O' Z/ I# H5 \/ w
Laboratory Evaluation) _6 B; P* M, G8 P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by& ~  j- z; ?3 R9 K
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% j# L$ V; J% P% F/ G8 `, @: Klogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" e1 M' V1 _8 _8 ~4 @8 M) Tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ M# r3 x1 S1 r2 m8 O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' a0 [4 k7 Y( r: Elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 S& w/ s4 [5 q! K$ z- B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 H& B) V$ ]/ x+ A5 W" A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 `! [2 b; [% s( ?9 m, O- y  G, f
within normal range for his age. The concentration
& L) \7 v9 z6 ^+ {# o1 G  v9 S0 o3 Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 [6 e& z" ?9 q  o( S7 I: K2 k
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- Z. c' }! G+ M- [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 l+ F1 u/ c! Z" a; y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* v! b6 C7 t, _& O
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 F, [7 a/ O1 j4 e# P49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" m- X* x( T3 ~) Q5 D- Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ x4 m% s- E& Btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 ^/ G! c  n* {% N' h8 Ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, J. c- [4 m* Z0 Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 E0 v( m9 i8 L' G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% ]; o: ^$ b, h: s; a
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 K7 \. q0 v$ U* M) M  c' h9 H( G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* T+ m/ n0 q4 ]2 W3 `(prepubertal).
5 r/ C, R! R4 X+ ^, q) Y& lThe parents were notified about the laboratory2 a5 ^7 Q  L" |
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ T& R" F0 n: q- e* z2 tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
- B6 J8 _! h4 f7 e9 F4 ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 J: k/ R) R" M% D+ p# n( D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
+ r% B  m) w  f4 J& z  Eever, the family did not return for 4 months., N9 w9 {% w7 o7 C2 M# r
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) a& p3 t- C5 R/ q( ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained" S; b7 c1 }" d+ y4 i
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ y% c0 C) q: a4 J! tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
/ w( P* ~! u5 D* g5 bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( M. M' B; Z' S, ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) \0 n5 L% T! u
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) j; G& d& j+ V0 I* j7 G5 HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& t7 y7 K8 J9 ?1 t$ ~9 z
ing frequent erections.
, Y% M) ~- R: c& LBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 E0 g3 O$ Q4 Z9 w% T( B3 k* Fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 B. k2 r) m8 L9 C; }* o' ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 }$ G8 m0 j% S' ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, S4 b; |+ i+ Q- |8 r
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 M4 Y! [( r# ^
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 ?) W$ C' o( aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 ^* i3 G0 [! |' w/ f$ y9 }
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  p. q- b5 I5 W5 mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 v0 p8 e: y9 E7 `1 p4 isecondary to depression.; R8 h) l3 E( p# v; u
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# `5 l* |7 D" ^6 B, a$ H* NThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his, z" C' i( u) Z( h9 f# m
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# x8 A1 x% R4 @  J
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  ^$ A' {' [8 _; b) }, K
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% e( K' N6 S5 p4 F+ T2 d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% n3 k3 Y% n/ e6 y& S3 ]" T9 u& Fwas high, he then read the product information
$ o/ T* a  a) Ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- a8 L6 n9 l6 ]' v# H+ ?( d/ v
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 I, l0 U+ s' udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' ~) \6 U+ {% t: efather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" X0 \, W* ]: G; J& ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- R) A2 B1 {3 ^, [! |; ]7 ?/ P( Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 `3 ^# t) W& w8 y: e
laboratory to obtain the test.
' l/ `- @# K  w5 t. kDiscussion
; A: x" k$ a# bPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
7 D, o0 u0 f5 U( j3 \9 J- tsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( }& K  w& Z6 f3 j- N
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# l9 |. P. L# H1 v! Kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 Z% L0 G) R- p0 Y8 G. sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" y- `# ~5 o9 H
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ K4 I% m8 {! r4 V0 V( c; emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( g+ \2 F0 p2 C' ]) t3 yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 |% ~5 D2 {& r7 {7 a8 vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- b3 E. w$ y$ s+ V* asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( G/ Y9 T0 i' C: W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 s6 u2 `2 H+ a, j5 nization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# K- J: V0 Q* R+ |rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, |$ j) B2 [( S, P/ U
gonadotropins.1,3
$ j& F5 \0 V$ KGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-& e& a: q4 a( p* I6 @9 N7 n; d7 T9 q% T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) w) Q% J6 Z9 X; [  v$ Dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) W% W( q6 y' Q8 N& w- H  |! yexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) X0 `; E4 B& v% `! `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  z5 z: ?( P+ Z8 Q" S: M1 J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; _) K, M/ e! W8 s7 h$ jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
& o0 R5 C# y4 g! R+ E4 [6 Ppuberty in boys.3,4
) P8 I# \" o: d; N. B) O  h3 y' mThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 L+ y! X$ m3 ?: F$ W8 thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 G& C" |6 W7 Z! m( `# R0 H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( r3 a4 h9 }- h: m
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% D$ \$ @9 o6 }- Q% v
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ _4 W; h2 h+ m- ^- U- hexcess.1,3# k0 U3 ?& i; e$ X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 T, x8 Z3 E+ o9 Q542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20071 M5 D) s/ f  `7 W; p/ T4 ]
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, C8 ?# v. v# \3 B; kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! a+ w: X9 A3 f/ Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 Z6 r3 Y- d6 U) y7 K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 I: H' y* n3 E0 X$ g8 B5 Uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
  M8 x+ ^* Q' U. H3 s1 B8 d; xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 b: v" W" ]3 U/ |: P( t! h1 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; A% _/ b* q; T. tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' g8 ?2 E' t1 z" E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- |- T& _- @, @1 v3 F+ [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) T! Q2 ]& R8 A+ o+ g8 k9 @2 w( c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 |% K0 e, [0 {$ b0 e% v
males; therefore, other male members of the family) S0 X: d0 Y. l+ P1 z' q& U9 m
may have similar precocious puberty.34 F8 w" x( ~* ~2 _3 M( j% Q
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 [2 n- y+ J! H! \
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 }$ G; ^8 l/ N: ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
! m$ ]8 M$ h- E: J' s5 ?+ _5 w' Rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 c1 @8 [4 I3 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 T& G" p& V# ?8 r1 d2 x
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the9 B, e4 d/ C. h0 {9 T3 B5 S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 x4 E6 s/ e6 z5 d+ R
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' K$ v! H/ m0 G" j: y6 |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' m; a0 d) B# I* X1 V3 a, q3 }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 g! H( M/ m6 @+ ^% F
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 U- E  b% K! h) O& Q3 j+ oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
( s; F% [* f$ m, T: H7 w7 f) DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 D# y; M. q+ X0 V2 `suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! Z4 Z* a; w+ j1 k2 o  J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  ]% r& S0 r9 V
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! u; h6 _+ S) d) p
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, J7 b# b! N2 f' Y1 R+ G# k4 c' l7 O
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 v8 k, v0 T7 Y6 s* M6 m6 S! {1 husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 L" n4 g2 B4 \8 U+ o6 PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ J5 o! O  c5 y( l/ L  Z. h- Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 r* h2 B0 A0 M' M1 f
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. Y( P5 T, y, h- Q: l. v
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: y6 K$ j# h' o* W* jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to: E3 F6 w2 u( @3 X  s1 a  u' y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ [& p% h/ [2 r4 Q# K
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ y& o5 Z6 d, V6 @tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& j" B# S' O9 E$ ?( F; [3 hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! Z" S4 H) B$ E* I1 k* Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. q0 B+ d3 H  @9 E4 s% Jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* Q5 W" B8 R; o
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: e1 ^( X* q! ^  hactive in young children exposed to testosterone
4 |- g; x" I! N3 g- Hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
2 T3 k3 M/ y6 R/ xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 N( n1 \+ |) M- r3 A
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% b, O% B1 F/ X% y3 N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 H0 J2 Z/ [0 O. Z' N5 Yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ c! m$ P+ v6 U+ R* X$ w$ {! ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" F  x+ ~# N: m9 r& V; R) i$ Zearly childhood on pubertal development and final
. r7 ^: }8 C/ R" _/ o+ Q& Tadult height are not fully known and always remain: D* x- h7 {6 w; K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 y0 n' n6 y& F  Y+ {7 q  B: W
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 ]8 u% \& w$ f, A. F
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ J5 L, ]1 v2 A& @& c# L
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 ~+ J  ~6 O' w8 i. B0 a- b; M3 U' Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( U7 a/ E! U; S0 M0 Y6 t
There are conflicting reports and controversy
8 S" J% l' o- y4 i( F8 q0 u5 z1 y4 dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, Q# g# j+ ]0 y, a: b0 O# T) z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 @9 h' d% J5 ?9 x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 U6 K7 ]3 Z( d. v& e: M1 L3 Dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. i* ?  e; m2 k* T/ s; WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& D4 [* l. C( v2 Y# F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, J1 D1 G3 _, j
penile length in clinical studies.
  Z/ X- e3 @' G8 d: kNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; g6 x/ {2 g6 A$ I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 m" |7 e8 b, e& U" v3 g& M
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 C8 Z- H! T! B; V! f7 S9 Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.: t( Y) T1 G( R# [- j' S
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 I2 k3 S7 F; D- C, a7 [0 z7 O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ C( h& U) s  r% y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 Z$ _. u8 r5 ?- [+ J$ Z
height will not be affected.1 k- }2 P4 ^7 E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! j' L4 t  p+ H8 D+ `1 }) Tability of androgen products in our society may- U1 ^& P: x" C4 w5 @6 @
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- q1 V" z) X2 g( `( _, Z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- g7 |) ^; Y8 q" i( [& ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
  U: K2 P! Q/ y+ _7 `, v- ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; V) ]# ]5 s$ N' J/ N$ O/ A( ?! |, I! jgel should be asked of the family members during0 }2 {" }) Q& \; [7 s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- Z+ W1 r0 d' v7 Z' X7 {: W/ s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 d3 _2 B6 Y0 Q7 {nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 t9 O! C- |  F  K' a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  A6 h# G" a0 T5 s) chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! ^' n; o( a4 ~  H8 e! \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ L* r: x$ Q7 u+ z- i1 [investigation. The primary care physician should be
( G/ I. {/ r. r! u- _aware of this fact, because most of these children
  F/ K6 Z8 j! Jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) T8 K4 V4 L% t# M# K) [/ J2 q. eDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 g+ b. L2 U6 n- H# {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 A3 J) I% z1 ffemale child who might come in contact with some-6 u+ v+ ~( {7 t- E3 r- e
one using any of these products.
/ Y, k" T. s2 A# b9 A( UReferences( n( ]3 v) j* ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. I8 K& H5 l  C. P0 d$ ?; @
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ O6 p8 H. _/ j  q& \7 E. _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 v1 o$ G7 A; H1 p! s1 ]: u# N
2002: 565-628.( J/ d5 U$ W* `& t- E0 A
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( [1 L# c6 T' i, j# {  l* j$ jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) z; R  _/ n& |! sBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 ?: c& a$ ^( ?7 T3 B5 b. J
Exposure to Testosterone0 e! d; {5 g9 }* c4 e) n
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ j% o; r+ f  K5 ~1 C, L; q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, i. d* b1 H7 b* g" Z' p0 ~
Clinical Pediatrics/ E8 i: a+ V0 m# p# \: z
Volume 46 Number 6
8 l( k; N- F% u+ v& N, p5 EJuly 2007 540-543
( Y0 ]# H( Q* [4 U© 2007 Sage Publications0 \5 F3 M; k) L1 H0 g
10.1177/0009922806296651; [! V4 q( P% I& Y
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 T0 ?  H, {$ f" g/ ~hosted at
) z# m* E  T) B" \9 M/ Ghttp://online.sagepub.com
8 P3 ?/ R# O! R/ ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
) f7 n" t9 E" g  _+ ]/ K$ F: K  ais a significant concern for physicians. Central5 z3 v# B* l# i9 D9 }1 L  _2 ~
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 c0 G( E1 Y  M% H" n9 |/ c
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 P& X- P9 x8 a- E
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 U+ T7 I, g1 c( Y' Qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ z2 ]# ?0 e5 K3 v6 P
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 \% b' M6 w* U3 uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# S* I# \3 A* S5 R: Z8 b. y. C4 a
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 k  J9 `9 [8 d5 z' Lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) W5 x4 L7 ^* s  G  S- jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* N6 o. z& Z3 _) v( |3 Iment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 c  H' w/ s8 p( D+ F& u7 \( t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- [. v4 l5 r3 @0 v0 ~! r1 s$ k  t* wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-* u! u: Z" ^# M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 y$ ~- j. T2 c8 m5 ]: fchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 v* H; Q3 p/ m# Ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; H* O. n. ]; I! Z* l
bly more common than the rare case report in the
& A  Q3 U1 p+ H6 wliterature.4( z; @$ P: W* |9 L6 z
Patient Report
: K& I) @( p/ TA 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 K2 Z6 `0 N5 t; v) \: Q! K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, x3 {# S/ W3 h
of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 h& ]  D9 Q; v0 j: {4 J
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" C! p! a$ s" r- Z) Z; c  Q1 mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 c) k0 k3 D) c5 c( x
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 V) t2 Y+ L4 S' z! R3 d  Z1 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% |1 ]- ]6 g9 r2 I) b. e; ]* B" F
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' ]& p  Q: _: w9 ~! o1 U5 W
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 S- @  K2 s0 F6 O! c" ~' W: e
e-mail: [email protected].! [1 o' W" z8 h9 k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& f, K' P9 c% r* ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. N7 Z" V# v% dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. v: E9 J; M0 G% p4 m% t
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 R" X3 ?; G- E& j" D; r5 I  aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% J6 _! b7 q2 F" g$ z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ `# ]" b7 ~5 s( y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with: r) m1 ^& G0 Q7 i) @
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 t: J8 j9 J3 l- o( {+ K- Z0 C
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 E: k9 ?5 X  N+ D
was age appropriate.+ g, n6 C% }: w& c& L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
3 b2 Q& B6 k. H" ?( S( R; ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 M& g, x7 G( K5 s. @8 T$ {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# ~3 O& G7 @' y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 J. X( a, D  k. o9 Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ j9 r6 e' j, u/ J  yThe father denied taking any other medication. The. U( j. @1 g& d) g/ U6 J8 U9 D
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* J: ?3 ~: S7 B9 v- F9 t& J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' q; O- m8 U. O, m% N. ]0 x4 T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. T3 K5 {9 N4 W: Q1 }
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. ~+ D- |* c* p! u+ f; |tives. There were no siblings.
1 B5 U$ A3 _& t2 FPhysical Examination
# K4 }8 y; s( m9 C* oThe physical examination revealed a very active,# n. T8 \) l; \- O  f' x6 _
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ n; T! q! ^% n3 E
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ N. B0 y& }  @
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ A' g/ i& N+ N# X2 ?% |% E+ L7 ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  V( f% M* h2 N& U9 \velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  q, p) X8 ^- @& o; R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& a; ?6 l/ Y2 k% l( n, C0 JThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 S0 A8 B, k( a) ]; F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: b5 }' \$ b- ^. p4 @8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 U. `8 H* M; z
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' U" I& I6 d* I2 t  n! N9 t0 Q) o540
# ~. {4 a7 v0 \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ Y7 {- O0 t* ^" Z0 w* T# `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 d& B1 @- i0 E: [% J& K
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: u+ ~% c# T2 V0 |. T! f' L- f
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: n# A% r6 y6 n+ y! q# p$ {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  Y) o: ?7 J4 F4 }  n# o2 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 x8 i' J. Z. V; CNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+) L' l: l' a, ?: e* v
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion( ^5 J  L9 x$ x3 Y
of papilledema.
- y% T$ r$ v4 q" J, DLaboratory Evaluation
  f3 B4 Y+ l, v- cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by, t$ d+ r' p/ |% h6 u# j" @
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 P; k- ~1 m. l
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' u) j9 I, s* s4 C% [! V( {6 Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ G' j; t6 _& [; {2 |$ E8 E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% l% [1 g  c% h3 x+ F$ R7 c! n" ?
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* Y/ N& ?3 C( D/ Z2 lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" b# W: c6 c) _6 F9 _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 d% x4 [- L- }+ y) _within normal range for his age. The concentration
: F0 }% I% Y7 C# I5 o0 j: `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; {' I  H) D% @+ v7 p3 P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 |- x/ @" T# p. n$ b* n
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( F/ S7 k! M& ^0 {# }5 x+ G1 w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 p* M3 n  y5 a% g7 {3 zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( ^* V6 I# J) D: x9 B/ M" e7 u
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* A/ i3 [6 B6 d8 K: V" F2 I5 s% }4 A
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. D/ [# O8 b' X/ E' F6 |) q% u) U5 itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) d/ {  v2 S" m+ n6 ?( u- l
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ }& z8 }0 H# |( G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; X. p4 V& ^  L1 S5 k* _4 C) }
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 E) W7 i* F* e# I1 U9 [stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ G7 b  D& U4 M; y( R0 U" A# ^
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  j" ?5 p% `2 Z* L/ Q1 j- e(prepubertal).
" {" s/ `$ }3 {, l( X4 N( a7 hThe parents were notified about the laboratory
7 e) s2 j5 B+ k# E/ j- p5 Eresults and were informed that all of the tests were/ {! I: e" T% ]5 R
normal except the testosterone level was high. The% g7 [) V' G3 c' Y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( v5 q: \8 g- T5 K
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" ]- T+ q. Y/ B6 C  y3 x+ ]! }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." Q1 ]9 T5 Q$ L+ F% l+ ]& q2 p
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 c* K% j* U6 b* a' X. m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ Y. H" X! t% D, \  E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! Q. b( r1 \6 p+ G. [" ]) ?1 z
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; Q) ?2 o+ `! V, T3 ~' w3 V3 Kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 j2 x5 S' c5 x; X" m1 K0 u0 lthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# b3 \1 F6 d# T0 @: t# B# _
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., H% M- D% S+ t: I9 U/ b- G
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ \8 c* T, _' z  X: ^* |0 cing frequent erections.
7 \: q' Y3 @8 m% z7 ZBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ q+ U6 ]% S6 j0 _
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ m/ x" q6 H( h* nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ s* a9 s: h( x. w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; @5 v) m1 I/ G, n/ W7 y7 P' Suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( n0 P) y* f$ p. E  E) ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 I& f* ]6 x* |. l
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" ^" @& \3 [3 U9 ?  I' n/ wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! |2 J. L6 k! e# W
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ m0 s/ G$ c; a8 _: n
secondary to depression.
- Y, K; I6 d- h0 f- A- K: W4 gThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
7 h; s/ a% @6 a$ H$ gThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% e# S& x$ @3 T- F' d$ z+ B) Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) H9 K/ F. l, m& }& d% q2 f6 T* j" Gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; i$ `# `" J9 L% i% k+ S* YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,' C+ T6 |& L: y  i$ k2 M& q
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby% y# f0 J6 l7 X  E  P
was high, he then read the product information2 {2 m$ R% e5 h, o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
  F2 I6 d! B; |1 Ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( }( d1 q; q/ P1 Ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: u9 d, d/ B& u) T+ A' p7 M; L$ }father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' M0 E0 W2 ~; pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% O1 P1 ]0 M* o2 T+ p0 t# A, U" z9 ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ C6 Q% ]" C$ |9 {, qlaboratory to obtain the test.7 [1 f2 U  f( b& h( Q: ?9 s
Discussion
* _* W* T: e* @) e- |$ vPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 q1 g, V, _6 t  `2 rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( `9 W  o& @7 C5 @. R+ C( E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 E8 F8 {$ ]' Z3 qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 D& o2 r; d* \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 n7 b) o4 n8 q) @0 N, l: O- Y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 w$ n, u! q, amay have a central nervous system lesion that is2 L& Z* [$ \( v9 g: E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-6 ^' V) n/ _( G. [( f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 i9 u* ^; b! T0 Q' F* N# l
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  ?8 `$ W5 Z1 f) A! Z" Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 ?' U% t4 D" j
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" @$ E" [- H& {( m- M( V9 s/ n
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" ^1 c# W$ x+ X8 M7 hgonadotropins.1,3: n; T9 y( S; U, W; d3 ]
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, ]( U' _- P/ r2 p, Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- G" m" A+ Z' H1 ~: V( r+ q* landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or% W1 H- r% ?6 V
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% h) z. z9 X: e% v! M; y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" W' ?1 B& w( l' ^3 O& Xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 t6 l: R8 c" @1 o1 p* P- O" W
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) J/ ~) v0 w$ i  n$ \puberty in boys.3,4. m( U' o$ K3 G; r1 w
The most common form of congenital adrenal
" M, o3 q; |' Z9 w& |3 zhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- ^: k# }/ r/ E$ _1 Z* Z, d" M/ `
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 n, j  I. U; j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 m& m/ F3 W" o3 `8 e! Z0 Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* b8 f' x& K2 k0 _  \excess.1,3& H) p" y+ R; U. H; R$ I
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ J1 I2 o7 T* M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 `' ~) n( w% F+ x3 @+ rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-' z) u+ u/ U3 j
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& E! C* D* W) ?( i4 A/ r
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" W$ I! Q  T% [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys. r: k! K- ~) g! O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( x4 E) L+ _# I1 G' U1 C' R2 g+ Rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ G0 k  ^& b& J7 `! I, `$ g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' l6 j6 n( Q, A
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# W. z/ u' K* `9 k& K3 ~pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ [8 Z, L# O! C9 c$ oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! z) H1 V6 B9 ]+ p/ W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only) F8 U' N! H' S3 _+ G
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ i) G4 j6 U2 C1 `, f4 jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
# u3 R8 k- G) {+ n. m+ jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-/ W' p* A2 f+ ]) b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 K0 F1 v. G, s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* i! y' s5 v, p0 |: r6 z+ owas in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 t' p; [. _3 t2 K6 tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' U! {1 e* b. B4 O/ ytesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
) Q% Y0 I/ F" y8 Q" }& `; o& Ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) ^% m( f% n0 Z$ n: m! B9 b$ Oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 g2 v" w  y' D) V4 q( \$ l/ ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- N( A5 Y7 M% G9 I) B- V
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 S# I; z3 J5 q  a& _% W" k+ h% Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 e! r5 E4 J- t" M8 y  ~' |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids." w3 E  n! R7 d2 l$ ^
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  d3 K/ ]1 Z  wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 e$ `; s  H! w3 U: c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
& j* A6 T9 B  [5 z+ w* R& ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and, C- i! y2 c) @; P4 B
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: s  Q( J$ n  [* F. g+ d0 i9 hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% C$ B; ?4 G5 W# h- Q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
: ~' J- l' {& G/ ?1 uDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. g$ j- p, W8 B; z3 }2 kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 W+ \( O) W  Y) D( b- Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! d' [$ Z. w4 j5 U( V6 KSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: q6 K( Q4 `+ H' y8 [$ x- w% {4 Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% V/ \3 y! g: xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 G: s+ D) u/ z0 E  {8 I4 i+ R
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& T: a% ~* o' A, }7 q& u" q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ N" k1 c5 y& o) _
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  G# y6 j3 V; i$ u' j
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! `3 y* U- X6 bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 [* }- ]1 O. G' T! Q4 I! m) O
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* L. Y6 V  g# r( H0 i7 n. \active in young children exposed to testosterone
" e; U6 H& N8 ]# M- c% fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. l/ s5 Q  ~0 L& Gdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, c9 ]' }- I1 C. L4 o- T2 fvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 I, J9 W  K0 j! q! M8 q; O4 vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ v+ O- @" J' n, W& L; X
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* \, P  {4 w! ]# n3 m& vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* g/ V* M# `, W# X8 zearly childhood on pubertal development and final* W& p: \, U7 J: l; \, ~; L
adult height are not fully known and always remain
" u; U4 O4 s+ }6 |) ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" Y( v8 _+ ?8 v$ o. v1 d& i
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 k/ u* v# ^9 k4 \5 m8 |. g
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 s; K7 u7 f% S7 f6 acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 l* p7 |% o  M- S
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" i+ h9 H4 `" m5 ^% E7 EThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 [0 k# H4 B- }$ Y' I* `
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 K+ L+ V5 {; Z' M8 |penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# F. y- M4 q3 [8 A& s7 l
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ F$ n: r) Y+ y6 C" b
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 A/ c* t0 T7 b: X! XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; X$ b/ z9 t$ V& w6 q! @5 m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 a6 H4 `/ ^% R5 mpenile length in clinical studies.$ N0 Y  }$ n" C6 R
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
7 O9 E  C+ V$ p0 Y, bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 G) u$ j* W* g: S+ v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
) I3 X& u* @" Q! q" i5 ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% F" K8 B" l) R) ^: f1 n' V. r) W6 V& a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 L, E# {: t; T8 M+ ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ y' a# o3 _! Q+ ]9 bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult; r! ~4 p& u# T# X
height will not be affected.
; e$ Z+ P+ s; \& L% J: c3 r  }Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( N: a# |! t' A/ \/ [; }/ Gability of androgen products in our society may
' p0 o3 M$ a5 A# r# ]1 \5 Z& windeed cause more virilization in male or female
  J$ ?. ~$ ?' g$ F' Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 ~' o- V/ |  B/ l* ]% v' \
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
' e3 Q) f# a& M" }9 _9 ?9 J" Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 {4 [: i+ K/ L" t, u. d; [! s  Bgel should be asked of the family members during) q) c) m$ j" g- u8 g9 w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ |: I: [: U2 k' F
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& z. R- f' b6 V& F" b  M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; u  _7 h7 Q; E/ M$ ^. Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 K7 E$ Q  n) s2 h( R9 R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% |4 J% ^! ?: j
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 C& ~; F/ m/ f4 Z: |# S6 `investigation. The primary care physician should be* ?5 d! F/ j" U& f8 g( D& k0 P+ R
aware of this fact, because most of these children. J( X' d$ ~9 v* L6 P1 t' k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’  e" M- T5 f3 T! J0 s
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# K+ w+ {& w* `9 K" W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ R( g5 R, x6 t. K& k' W& K, Q+ Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-0 l" \9 C0 ]8 H9 N% j
one using any of these products., J( Q7 p" O& q: [8 j& C  |7 R4 W
References
% Z( S& O1 y- ]2 K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 I3 P9 l( g9 o. t
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ u8 n2 i/ C2 @( bEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 ^- W& G8 m/ V; w! J* x6 p
2002: 565-628.+ l# \! O9 y# q% c2 J+ N! X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! S8 l4 |) q3 m5 c& ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ e/ O2 \3 T0 A! L7 h* Z
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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