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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( p6 U3 M+ M0 a! VBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
# Z7 i: |# i& {$ [4 O# S4 O3 g& ~Exposure to Testosterone
: f7 Y& Z4 g! o4 j/ `6 c7 d. wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 k0 B7 p. V: f( B% h: S. oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, ?, U/ e3 y- d2 x% l- a0 B
Clinical Pediatrics
) i+ x7 Z! d% m( uVolume 46 Number 6- I: L4 J7 p7 W/ Q
July 2007 540-5435 m& v6 M3 L( _; j B: I; [
© 2007 Sage Publications6 ^: y7 q: }: w0 W
10.1177/0009922806296651
( ~; Q! b. }. }6 n# Vhttp://clp.sagepub.com& z6 Q, L: S8 s9 [& E. K7 m
hosted at. | P5 n! ]; Z- c$ t. Q* a1 l3 C# ~) q
http://online.sagepub.com
$ e: b; s7 l& bPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# g* Z: \$ l3 d( Z. m
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 K% I+ V* p, z" H6 ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; l6 I# k! P- i
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 ^- k6 I t' E9 c: s; Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# k9 i- _! B$ a" o# Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. f7 b9 N- O) B* ^2 f) r
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* k3 e5 D: X2 w( W c
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( h9 {! W2 I! h- h- I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; r& ^* Y3 H- n d3 u
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% P/ R7 m2 A: _2 i; p) h7 i( A" A3 Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 T- v# ?: ^8 w& j* T4 y- E
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 h" |2 e5 `, {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, r% v; w- M, e, b8 Q7 \8 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. i, z' N) Z, k0 T/ `8 s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ Z; O4 H d1 j
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: x0 U. e3 P$ {$ H( X/ ], g8 I0 ?
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
$ ]4 H! \8 H6 |6 W/ {bly more common than the rare case report in the y5 w3 G' k& D' u$ z, R6 Q% o
literature.4+ @5 n3 L6 \' B! h6 Y/ Z) J
Patient Report
q) F: e+ s9 o3 G$ G( zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. a" K% [& j5 x+ v' Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- k! O: R6 d) pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
g9 u; `4 Z: m6 rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
: P8 ?6 l. }, i: Q. @$ [! Z/ jFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
L. o5 L b0 N2 r8 m+ d: g$ zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 y4 }( Z& J* G$ p% E! h! \( z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, G; T6 Q, O- l
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' m1 q6 i3 r" m2 h
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 B5 }- N8 D, C5 me-mail: [email protected].7 r0 A. {' \2 T$ j
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 x& P5 |0 B5 Pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 A. E) h& U1 U m2 ?( T2 W* b4 m8 s( f% T3 \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 D' O& d }' P; S+ k0 \was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 c5 v$ _9 J7 I0 g9 q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& A3 [( l L9 H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 N! c- ^1 b+ Q: z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
/ G _, b# B S5 i9 a! T0 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; Q9 R \1 h2 Pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! `- R. q/ ^6 h2 n3 p1 L( Lwas age appropriate.. g: R- R' t& z8 G" u) F. k5 Z8 G
The family history was remarkable for the father,# @% J. s& z7 M" \2 G) `+ i: x" N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, {8 c7 Q6 w- c6 c6 e/ B( P6 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; s- H7 |, U' T8 ?2 E8 i* {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 j: c) b+ t. l( Z4 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 N2 a X1 a2 U
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 h: @. M m& L; x t! pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, d. u5 ]6 ]. a) `9 f
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; A% T7 _4 M( S# q$ D
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 b- `, D' x/ E
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, @0 m6 U6 [' W! J! W% }: ?/ d
tives. There were no siblings.' {) R5 F/ a/ g/ t: y7 e
Physical Examination: g5 A7 [) }$ d1 `! T
The physical examination revealed a very active,
- v5 O6 j: e7 ]+ g" H+ O, s: zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. [% D( J; `* Y+ o! ] Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) P/ S2 l" ]8 ~5 z e( X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& R c; ^% U2 D3 J
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( y7 R$ [. ?. W, a/ L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; y+ f( W8 r- a
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 ?1 |3 q7 r/ mThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 d: ]# ?2 @+ D8 m7 S4 t$ P
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ ^ m5 E8 I* }0 @+ _8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ i: } k+ O& `developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, v% ~- x( H$ V2 H540, T* I- U, {8 p: [4 g( ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ F8 m% D2 Q5 n# ^+ Q
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
! H8 p9 f% b/ A" U. ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ k! v4 J& {8 ~; n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 L. y0 W9 E, U% ^1 H& O* _# Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 C4 _7 u: b4 t2 O8 i6 L% N, Y
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ Q6 v* [$ Q. w" r/ j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+$ V+ t; _2 _3 Q( k2 o$ u
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion c1 \: U+ @+ C4 ^5 {' x ]
of papilledema.+ B5 L Y7 D7 Q
Laboratory Evaluation
0 D2 ?1 e3 D0 {) V" ~The bone age was consistent with 28 months by' M$ B$ x) p) [' G) N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ V; Z# Y0 C: u3 q1 g$ F: \3 V* r3 L
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
E! a7 k- d3 ]1 _2 d5 l) rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. r9 e/ p0 W6 w3 z+ |" Qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, Z3 F7 C7 K+ l9 C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
y( _/ H% f2 z! _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! q) v- v) E2 z) eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& T* x& w/ J+ l5 N
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ _$ H. B6 w9 [8 P! h
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: G* `$ W/ `: u: e$ E3 C; b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
' C' G F4 L. hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 Y! m2 y+ M" Q' Uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* O0 P% g# @* m
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
]0 [3 \. Y, l) I- K49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)+ P/ {1 m& n! q- I2 c
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 r l6 u7 B# V7 W) v5 {/ ` _& wtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 v3 G/ w$ T3 ]: P3 ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 Y" S; i1 n2 x% h. S0 g+ qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- c) I: s, u3 ?: s0 x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; H7 F2 w' y* H& }9 V( F* g
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 K6 R! B" v2 k
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 j; D% E! S, ]# Z1 w(prepubertal).
7 G% b/ F. H4 [) }The parents were notified about the laboratory, L% T2 G0 ]4 o& b5 i# B5 T
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ V# w2 [$ E. a7 mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 I( }* l, p9 p% `& R4 N \- _. H4 m
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 e1 \5 `& M+ l2 z8 q
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# @& j: t8 w1 w/ F. ?
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ j- x% ?# V4 PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) m; ?8 `* E, w7 lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" U# l% L! {: ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 P& `* i& t, j1 j8 g' v* t; b' ]3 xunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, s# @" \ t* W( Z0 L4 |: r8 m: Opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 d2 l9 h" x4 nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- o. S, L+ [0 L I; \/ dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( T" f1 t+ [4 WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 q1 R: T& b/ ?- ?ing frequent erections.
: K C; ]0 M9 s( a1 n6 m! m, FBoth parents were again questioned about use of
1 k9 A( T% W. ?3 a7 `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 L2 S% {' k( a) g/ q t$ N! ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) H; q& s7 v* I" \3 p. [
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ T' H( Y% H' u% O/ V
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 o$ Z$ r3 s8 Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. F* Y X! q- A0 F8 x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- g/ I: q, `. U/ P P; D5 l; Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ r2 P( |7 ^& e0 T; zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
/ g4 Z% P+ l4 Bsecondary to depression.+ o8 S+ n4 ]6 W/ r
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
! w$ d: k% W/ b% [# l. TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% w) U5 ~: U0 ?6 Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig- p' }7 y: x. r* {1 |
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; N( _( R) a- t; t$ b
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 l1 L# S: F, B8 m) }4 c1 M! |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 R, [! B& w5 o( ywas high, he then read the product information
% k: a1 t* u5 U8 C! c( xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 n7 A j2 W5 D! }8 b4 X* [; _
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& {2 F- F/ _5 i, b1 _6 Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( c2 |- C8 R% c/ F, d- Wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 p6 Y/ T U, ]0 L# G
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 Q. Q+ S t8 ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 o- x' s9 M* r' {7 V* x
laboratory to obtain the test.4 z: R" M9 F$ Z/ }1 ~( ?' q
Discussion
4 C1 h3 e' M+ |3 M' w# T1 sPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% a. k) B g) v- Z& l. vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ L8 e* D( s1 H+ fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! m4 b% |+ z; c4 Z6 A3 q; g M! dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# E$ k! f4 P5 c+ [
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 a" [" ]% d- q$ }mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. w1 E O$ L: X' j4 j( H% \may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 @4 }4 Y+ [3 d7 Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' f! K! b; K3 N$ l' oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 n7 j; f% m$ x1 l! ?3 S+ `! G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 k; q) N( d, S* L
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ o/ n7 \( |1 h3 R/ ]0 j" d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' e' \9 b, S$ W" T
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* Z: R1 z& V. d1 J% G/ w. K0 d
gonadotropins.1,3
: U0 Z7 F) s& v0 U7 }/ W, rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# i& p0 u" d; S7 b$ Lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& d4 k' f, Q6 t- ^5 nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 ~5 d! I V5 k' N% z1 l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% Y* i4 d3 x" ^) X- b! Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( k/ f, Z& F+ n' Hcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. ^, g$ W( O& g/ [1 Dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- w+ D) `, ?- u7 B+ q
puberty in boys.3,4
+ O5 _9 b+ J% ^! m Z0 gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
! x5 Z/ L+ Z+ ]' i8 ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ a! w( h" S* y0 y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 Q3 K- C3 \% C$ a+ C4 C ~4 J% r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 @) C% j$ [7 F+ Ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 l3 a% q) Y7 S m4 `& F) I5 xexcess.1,3
; q+ C% D8 W" Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 i$ x. v6 x# G& e/ w/ F$ \
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ w3 r2 Y. |2 p$ |" H! Y
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, V" s0 G% H' E' Z+ z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 E- ^ `3 P' }8 S. Tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! n, N" T) J; ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys" ^, V/ k, \. [
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* {& L* J$ o+ Xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys4 z/ r. c" Q+ G o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ V4 D5 s* ]1 U4 l+ kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# V$ W( v8 T. L
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 h' N( j/ \ P2 e" L. o7 D6 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 i5 H" ?+ ?! B
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 U1 i! n* C9 C H$ \males; therefore, other male members of the family
' D. a& v5 D `5 V+ z- Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3$ Q8 N$ I: Z" ^8 I& @9 j$ K1 I
In our patient, physical examination was incon-& v. A4 y! I7 {* k5 O% h; O
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ V: m( r) F* a, Z3 r* m9 H4 i Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. p- {/ e4 z. s1 h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
M" G# C$ N* @started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 Q$ `5 a0 Z5 P% S
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the& `( I- b& o; N
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 H4 D1 Z J7 s$ X6 a' \% f# |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: [9 l% k, e5 K; Tbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,* v* {* m0 N7 L! {1 j) K
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
- h& Z% D& F# @$ c) Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
+ u, e% F4 m# T* xing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, ]! P# R, `5 o. X0 R- M( E9 XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 x* N* d2 S. q5 M/ o6 l
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' \" V4 P. b7 s. _% G3 i9 Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 `* D) e' S a. I! G$ d( ]
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- b$ P3 e6 W6 M$ R4 w. cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 s( @5 A! A% J& \+ |' v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( O! K: q7 G0 N
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 ~% u& h! v9 r0 R! fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ }+ V2 Q8 L( s! k% V
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 _$ M/ D: g* x: Y) I$ |# t( U) n+ a
unprotected females through direct skin exposure. N' m+ x7 ?0 F8 P7 a) F2 I: t
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 j7 K9 C% t" P7 _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 d3 ^: z- `( t) v4 y. Deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, m8 U7 W! J3 @( M; Q, ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( M! I9 u! @2 D
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" {( }# q- ?6 k+ h. ?, kOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* E4 i R( i" f4 u. n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 E b+ R5 k! ^3 L+ r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: f8 w: g; Q# d" Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# E# M1 }2 K: u ?% N+ {+ m( a
active in young children exposed to testosterone" f* {6 j0 I! `: \% I6 S+ R G& f
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- ] _* a7 i& Z, ~
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' [. i0 A9 X- ~& T+ G
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# I1 z3 G7 e8 Ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and% W# t/ W1 k2 [' `, W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; D* ^$ u* j- O" b7 T$ f3 A( xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( e9 Q9 ]+ I( M2 o& eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
; B' \6 M3 X9 qadult height are not fully known and always remain9 ?. D N' E, H* p# X! i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) P5 i# b& P' Wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 Y3 X: `' `: D8 X B) hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( \ l; D, U* h7 y3 s8 @9 h
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ u2 f) _6 Z |decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 i7 _9 x( f& L
There are conflicting reports and controversy( v- N3 n9 v, E4 l6 K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; S% W7 R$ n/ y8 i! B: d
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ L$ k; f# J! V; O0 M
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 K6 _9 Z7 ~2 Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; S2 L# H# Z. O) D# [9 K) j2 `2 g7 ?' R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ ]6 p5 M- W5 D/ D# Tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" H/ B" R0 p7 p9 c
penile length in clinical studies.0 ? L0 @. S! l4 z6 F! g- E( \
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ c) B$ X: u* ], R3 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from2 A3 q3 h% R( ~8 g+ Q) }+ a' B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ j& a# r7 y! dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time. K" z- J- G8 ?
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
% s, C! N" S$ R$ h3 p0 H3 D( k4 _0 Odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 m. c% r1 D" J) d+ pthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* z2 B& m2 F7 ^/ Q, F& c
height will not be affected." O& v. e9 h% V k$ X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% Q6 `, o8 x+ cability of androgen products in our society may
' I. E: t- [: }indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 k6 k5 E0 W- Y) t1 B3 Jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' ~- D6 Y" ]$ ]; {
gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 D" q# q& n5 c, _& A& A& y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ C1 {. `3 Y4 B; Fgel should be asked of the family members during
) K: B6 g0 X6 ^( t$ wthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 A6 c$ E! s, D+ Dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 A$ C* m7 h6 ^1 P9 b& f3 A% @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ H+ V- @( ?% K; D, t, gappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 r4 H: W8 ^3 F$ h" N& dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& j0 [1 D+ L" {# [8 l
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 [' Y& Z; H- U% B$ D( W0 Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& @' I: W0 O6 D9 `8 k* {8 u9 r, ^, Y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 \+ P' ]6 N2 m& l' ]# Q7 G8 |& |may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- U- C" _6 r$ T* M; ?
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 C( M% a1 ]; S" R1 T; U$ S* Uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 S. }9 T6 i- W) N( F8 A+ }3 N: F. e
female child who might come in contact with some-
" H/ E" c! }; Uone using any of these products.: L3 e3 @7 P6 G
References) |7 x H' L9 O2 Z4 i6 W6 u$ X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 W- ^9 c# Y% t/ e2 Q3 _8 kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
8 n5 j. P, v! i! z8 ?/ FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 [: ?" i; s4 |0 _& ~9 |
2002: 565-628.6 R4 d+ g; l7 x5 {4 U7 |9 E
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, N5 {7 ?# p/ t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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