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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) j9 Y9 n* J! V* B; d0 d- RBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( }! [) L+ _- xExposure to Testosterone
# `0 q& q% _ aSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# @9 u% Q- y. b' j+ C( E+ S' Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 _# O; y! B/ k8 j; R5 n2 J$ l$ cClinical Pediatrics$ A y+ p2 b. ?! U
Volume 46 Number 6
8 c3 K& o5 Z$ K; OJuly 2007 540-543
$ [& m3 ]# m. s; s: p4 N© 2007 Sage Publications+ A2 C9 {5 N6 y7 R
10.1177/00099228062966513 N5 B8 ~" m {. [6 z) W/ y/ w
http://clp.sagepub.com
* b/ R2 Q. d# i. f8 Q' C: mhosted at7 I2 s- I, n. w6 @
http://online.sagepub.com
. e6 Z7 |/ b8 W" m. UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: m& |6 f' F5 O3 J7 L) bis a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 r* } ^* J% l& S* P; i& @8 Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ d9 j& s ]& z- y8 cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& h/ c( p4 B9 y0 L
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system/ ]! n: z5 [& ~4 `5 p' l1 T0 H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 [6 t) t% B/ Z7 wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 T7 k3 D6 i( |' u2 Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- P7 |/ M5 M+ I Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We s0 [9 y& N! W; e u3 T$ m% ~% a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: Z- S% \8 p0 c$ h3 N$ m9 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 i1 q( h5 I' F6 h0 }+ b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- v9 ]+ y6 w9 N# q( yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ W$ k- } p; u0 Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 ~4 t- g b! T3 X- d) F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 f# R$ ^ A; @0 p5 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: H) f' x% ], G5 D5 L' W+ q% k% Y0 ^
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- A8 I8 h: K& z' k9 M9 I3 b
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. I O6 O5 r2 \/ {: iliterature.41 T0 Q9 e# r, j4 K5 O* ^
Patient Report4 x4 n5 d0 |( K( f1 s$ N& Z9 n' b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: v# \# I) h1 m s+ S: U1 X& c) @" ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 j+ e4 t2 r0 u$ s) qof early sexual development. His mother noticed& q: ], r( s0 e Z8 j7 `
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ _: H* L: N& m4 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ ~; [' y6 [4 q: ^' Q( E2 j& k% n7 C$ ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 M- b- ^( m/ I# j* M. dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 H/ q& t2 n: L) s. q( W4 \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 D% v( M( Z9 {* n& l% j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 ^4 G5 [$ P. Y; d# L/ V% ?e-mail: [email protected].. J+ I$ X5 P7 y9 h/ G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 R2 A- [; P% C5 C, Z y! p+ f) j
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% r- r, r. Z- k" }2 l" ?. a
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' h1 E3 q4 _* { b' j7 C2 @/ Y* [; U8 ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 R, {& F" x9 n* ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, c+ P2 U8 ]% l' b. }- h
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 e( p& V1 M1 q" V8 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with' c" v6 q7 h7 j; c
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 C' Z/ Z( T# h# Y0 e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development- n/ h, H( l4 ~) h
was age appropriate.
3 _+ ~- L& S. R; A) Y/ U' OThe family history was remarkable for the father,
" K' i) p" n7 u* F' e5 ~2 G8 u9 Bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, ~+ f5 b( z! O6 O- L, b% Twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 Q i- a. D( C. r- z2 }- r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 m5 g7 m. D+ D* W+ s
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! @% K5 O! q+ T$ h' C& [% {3 P
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! \, r" h. y- }8 E7 V2 Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! @; L- i% a1 o* N2 Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 C# j C9 s6 ~; e: Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! a0 M% {: s" E3 [/ S4 k6 O; _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" `( O2 t0 n4 I+ ` o- y0 @3 K0 w. Z
tives. There were no siblings.
# T7 Y4 a6 m6 ]. D) oPhysical Examination$ Q6 J. Y# \) }9 J
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 i# L+ ]- F2 @1 H- \7 q. h# j/ Bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 I) B4 \, F I4 B( Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% r. L% H& `" g5 b% z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! q9 j; C* ~5 b! o* M8 n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 O/ O" |8 ^/ a5 v: U) Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& B' F0 l+ h! ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 m" g( t: C+ v2 K& `# i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 ^; f: i1 W$ o5 y/ X
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 S u$ w: H) ^7 N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* g0 z4 d4 e! b1 o5 y" o
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around d4 ` b. q2 k1 r* l! A
540- t5 l$ I* z( e% e) F$ p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ q, H. e7 F" F. V/ ~; `9 r% B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ g5 G, E" M4 stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 x! D0 S2 ?3 X, E7 @5 i+ QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 g) F. x: L" @9 W/ k. Yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 {* i6 B. D- a4 `5 u0 \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 Z3 k- L7 J" ^6 d/ |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 t: Z+ ]2 w- {! `$ I5 Q' v0 ]bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion ]" ^$ Z5 d C7 S/ ?7 K% V
of papilledema.4 n% n# d& E0 _# w4 X
Laboratory Evaluation
* C, H# a' A! v9 y3 V* `0 dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 u! U' o7 x: J/ Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; I7 R' [: {" B$ k- }( V0 {
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) k1 p$ t1 @: l1 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' Z, h( G0 c7 c7 i# B" [# X7 T, _. _ X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% | | \0 K5 u/ @) S* I
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., e% K* A; s5 _+ P t4 a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 h+ I( X5 I6 w6 w" O4 K: ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 ]$ J2 d9 o8 \1 a' S. C
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 }, z: _% j, _* |# Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: @- B3 u) K6 b7 y% W: o! ~" K5 \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: d0 I+ o X# X& c' K4 M. g/ I& V7 P& Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-1 C9 q, y9 H6 z; E
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( E; R3 }9 T% }( x6 h3 q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 Q% f2 s0 l" ]3 B7 s; g49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 ]* p5 J) i, s) f W& f2 ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ]" v8 G+ j/ i& j3 vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 s- ^- L, Y6 [/ A( w- ~3 |7 X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ p4 |4 x% q. T/ L1 V' R
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
E* H( H) N/ ^8 [* `; y4 `. s, B5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# n u, a5 x" ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 l! P5 P, y0 b. R2 c0 G* O! U! @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ [9 ` d5 S2 H% X; O$ A. {- A: q(prepubertal).6 ?# `( d1 l9 B m: {3 G
The parents were notified about the laboratory, y0 J. [6 Y9 t3 h& o
results and were informed that all of the tests were
. N9 _5 C3 t$ z6 b- f. H* k" lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 T" k# o2 w. ~7 z3 lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 i! \" M0 r3 d) Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ G- Q, I, ^- i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) V6 n7 a+ T" \9 h% [$ Q+ N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
# M3 s! _- c m( L& Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 F5 O$ h3 m0 n7 T' i2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 O) D8 S5 \* N% m/ |9 kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 s F: d3 m6 i C3 j$ @$ y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! E8 z ]% _- H* V: H" Z$ \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* l" c& S# y# E' X1 t, o! hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) t! k1 O) v* k% u* c8 ]8 VThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 S% I# H/ F w. \, I( f9 J4 z
ing frequent erections. g h( S( ], ~; z' S4 G
Both parents were again questioned about use of( M: {2 v( g T
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ \1 ]8 f9 }# L# f
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ f! J3 b) {6 u' [4 qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% z5 q, l) m% U: S" Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' A1 s0 T ^/ W0 D, `1 L* t. m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for Q. R" T0 g, I7 X
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 ?- b5 h# `8 e' w6 _/ h2 E+ l3 C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ \+ r% w8 D- X) S# Z4 rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" `6 O* w/ f* g. E0 Fsecondary to depression.
1 t2 I" q% o# V( Q8 t# _- IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; ?0 B: H S! r+ V F0 |
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 I1 m% |, K$ {4 u( \chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 R: q" x. l7 B3 snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: O4 _4 j4 @7 d$ c9 t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; K+ q6 `2 |1 f! E2 K2 e- |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 q, o" ?9 c% h* C9 N( `7 zwas high, he then read the product information# l( d+ Q) ~. O" s& h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. c- I1 W/ L, g, o3 F: Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they W( [* ?3 Q1 t. R$ Y- w' Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* b. n8 a4 c" i8 x- v$ O2 T: I8 i7 C. z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! M1 [) d( T$ H1 e& u! kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 a6 w& N, S% B* Q3 R8 Jtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ a& I$ b: j* ~: D1 k
laboratory to obtain the test.; y, `1 H& I( Q
Discussion6 P7 D8 W1 i- W9 f3 w: h3 Y7 c1 A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 u; B, ]& S: L# R* ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 e( }+ g" B3 @8 Q' zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: @+ q0 `. k2 T s! U/ H
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 \3 _$ A" H# ~( {0 u* Zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 t* V8 `8 C! }4 e: \6 |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP. V' g& m1 `( i+ R9 g; f4 I, P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" g1 F6 Z" I: ]responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" N8 c; S. h$ I; u; ~ u( g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 h: G( f1 u1 d3 l1 C4 G' T# wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- T4 T! @0 D% o; C# u; K0 \3 Xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 m- T6 Y. Z+ i" S
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) \1 D+ r) z1 {% w, m: ?rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( F4 p7 J+ S# A3 }/ D
gonadotropins.1,3
" A9 l; N3 o( Y' t% t6 \) rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 h# K3 R3 ^4 L) A& \) o& v3 Wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# V- q: L' B" S5 L- Dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or" k& W" ~5 ~& ]6 F5 z, w
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. A5 c) a* @; aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 ~5 h1 l. _* o( C0 _1 _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& J8 L$ [) C" l, x; badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 u1 _/ l2 W. ^, d3 D1 N0 \puberty in boys.3,4
' N+ p5 H. ~$ ?! Y8 u% U v4 U/ ^The most common form of congenital adrenal
% Q! t6 \$ F+ J4 T a- D: Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 u( ^- s: g- a8 m pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 b: h. \, _, i# w6 E$ [+ |
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 n! [+ A3 `4 K; m- \6 D0 A Van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 B& X! e0 ]# p1 x1 V! ^
excess.1,3
8 R0 c d) _2 v$ dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 J1 |: U& ~" Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& M" T! b3 k2 ~1 i4 ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ o, L# {6 v3 v' l, G) H _
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: ~$ f/ q6 T. @1 D2 T0 ]1 m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
& e$ [5 r5 `% s3 l! kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ W) @! o' P3 M6 \7 Pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ }/ f1 |1 o9 j0 U0 ^, h7 a/ Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
Z& ?1 z( a( K" V+ a" Q3 ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: K* n5 I, c9 G4 G6 Uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; E( V; N. L& b( Y- q* a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' s+ Y* u6 `; |$ xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 {- z1 z0 N1 ], M+ M. Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
# E% m( D8 C; X, \6 gmales; therefore, other male members of the family: i' |& b6 Q0 h; W" ]" Z( r
may have similar precocious puberty.36 J. F' N9 a [: [9 z- a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( B" l: y4 @2 C) s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& O( m4 {3 {3 \" A, qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' Q/ @2 n% a1 d" S! f: v# T, t4 k- P* swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
. Z( X! z% ]2 e8 O0 k- {+ Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* ^; c) _3 \ `6 N/ b" w3 W/ ?testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
! D s: X: K) n1 }7 abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 M) A( h1 c# e x$ l0 `, C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( }0 P% F/ P% h0 B, E6 Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
c: X- _5 g; L4 U& T1 O% \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 f. [- U+ E' T* @& S, g1 j9 M( x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 E6 n7 c+ i. i1 n6 H4 | l0 ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# t7 b; m. e, p! o( o, DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& s. h, @6 {8 u6 F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' p8 o0 `& w5 k9 Y9 wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 |( Z' P8 n) z, K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 a8 m4 b* X% f5 S6 i4 ~; A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- {8 g \& Y( E7 X, S# A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 }- q- X: \6 v; X# G( o" D) l
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’9 K$ [( p! a* f4 y; H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" a% m( Y& I- s4 w' `3 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ R& L7 n1 J& H, t) E* `
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ k8 P, P# S) }6 K7 lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* E% |" b- Z* T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
( `8 O* `6 y- J0 neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* o! r' [. k; E* b
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: M {) \. N5 G" @! J. Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 y$ V3 s5 ?# W D! n: EOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 C l0 _1 r E' I9 a
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* l2 s% U! m- n) w, L i8 odermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# S4 K2 q( k; ~; p' i
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ w% n. r! `* `active in young children exposed to testosterone
% w) b5 q8 a( ^5 q; P2 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; u: E7 x/ E6 B) h. x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" l0 K8 W. K/ u" C% a: mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 Y/ q+ A( [5 A& L7 p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 T! k% j0 [( u( [2 ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., e" {* j8 d f- e% ^& P9 c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 z6 N: G' x& }early childhood on pubertal development and final2 Y+ T. |! a8 F- _( G4 g5 Z- K
adult height are not fully known and always remain
* F- E6 |& e9 n+ C J9 ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos- j' \2 [9 Q, g( R% \
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 @! j$ O0 b6 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: a! B c+ ^* Zcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ l" L C6 S5 W: X2 p* z( K. t( }decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 R7 A5 Z3 g6 d7 z% A5 }9 S/ A
There are conflicting reports and controversy* u, |! q' y4 M4 F. q, r, j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: C& ]- O& f C+ `! G2 T# |penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
I5 m8 ^, ? u: l; Hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% o, H8 e& c' }0 s7 h7 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; l! H @" e) a( x# p5 eSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- f( M& T( F$ @! l* h; gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! I/ ?0 d. `- ~: H# m1 X- i. \
penile length in clinical studies.
& ~) b# h O$ i- @4 l7 lNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ [) x! z0 ~( ]# }* mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from& Q0 z. ~- K. b. r9 w9 G5 I0 f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 p* Z3 b5 \# ~0 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ R) X9 d8 E9 f& {9 C( F- n9 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 D$ T0 @. N$ @9 q0 S q( \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 M) i7 d; @% r; k8 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 p+ [: O! K5 o5 ]& w
height will not be affected.8 E- m2 p. n( x2 c
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 R0 ?; M! H0 c# [ l
ability of androgen products in our society may5 Z; s8 _, r: }
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; V% D% Y# p# x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: ]) P/ |9 l/ q) V" I
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% i7 v- G4 [! D4 m6 k- otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 E1 n7 T+ h0 s0 O7 tgel should be asked of the family members during
1 ~* B$ `: @* Z( [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 E' n0 a. T7 a5 _! i' [9 l7 @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' ]4 u* B+ ^# G) C6 V% ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; {. ~3 \9 R- {/ I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# |# p X+ J( F8 o, ?( V( P
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& O- c$ F% R$ N3 r1 y" b$ V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* X% L+ w, E t3 n6 V2 W1 K
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 G" C J& y8 C+ x1 G
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 `( v" v. i+ L, m$ ^
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ S" h+ f" R5 ]6 pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a2 a* f$ J: l, H* t) q H* N+ @& z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# P9 B; \/ L' e7 t) A; @/ Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
: {* T- s; i0 Done using any of these products.* O/ |* a0 f: b% W+ B
References
% B8 S9 u- I9 k* M2 O3 R) H1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 t1 o7 C/ \8 D* O; x" r1 q& rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, ]. B' s3 H d0 b# ?' N- \Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ K4 h6 P( Y% Q) Y2 i2002: 565-628.
4 a6 T4 d. \4 o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" P6 A l: x/ ^) A* s' s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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