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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: A' J* r! W3 N$ j6 `Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" W/ N# b0 f4 A8 s: Y! D4 r
Exposure to Testosterone8 T6 I. k2 X+ `0 K$ m" c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 t! ?8 f7 u# f; e) f9 Z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 l# |5 d4 V/ W6 I
Clinical Pediatrics
. d) u& a3 ?# V' ~& r* bVolume 46 Number 6
6 K& f4 z+ X- @6 P% ?& ^5 XJuly 2007 540-543. H$ a" R; z4 E4 m- x5 D
© 2007 Sage Publications
/ i  Z* d7 ~! H- E+ [: u/ m* g10.1177/0009922806296651
& W- C0 }" X( I2 c- bhttp://clp.sagepub.com9 Y# A% r7 u; u8 t3 z
hosted at
8 j6 a9 I$ }+ @9 P! U3 S) j5 Q+ Thttp://online.sagepub.com9 I8 i+ q, N, o, d* f. x2 v1 d
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- K" u0 ~% K+ f4 ^; |, L& b9 H! S5 ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 c- w' T4 u+ C- _precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 z/ _( r9 ^* i9 g5 I6 uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ x: k! F6 q% k! Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- C/ {6 O7 I- O1 S" K; H8 slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; B0 o' y# g  u. S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 e7 I  s# ^/ \8 h) E* T2 Q& J6 I  W
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 [0 M$ C+ [) g2 c  {- l% E5 O1 k3 y. Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! F4 o  L- |! p6 ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the! i( T0 h% _) D6 t' y7 k+ h2 l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; L6 G+ m4 j3 ]* F7 i& A  }, |ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ c2 x! ~2 i# e0 |! X2 u% xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 `2 w- c; V& R2 N6 D% c; \
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 {. h- R" Y6 n% i4 T  Pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 A7 [3 ?. p  {* achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of" [: ~2 j9 ^. g
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- ?9 J9 L3 O  Q1 Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 W) G2 w5 Y  C8 @1 q. vliterature.4
3 E( V( X! s. \1 ?  a& vPatient Report
0 e- l) s. J7 p$ m* y  ~& t! fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, k1 Y- b" f- J+ [5 ^; s3 Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& t) L6 U& j, gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 C$ u5 S# O4 I1 p* Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was0 G% U& L6 O; H% A5 Y8 {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& \" o4 \: [0 B2 F9 s3 N
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" }$ p/ t' v$ X- f$ T7 gAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, E$ N  Z. y  l( H$ E1 X2 D: B! Z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 t& [& F9 R* K; F! v0 n
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, Y* U; ?4 F+ y5 J9 V4 Q( |' {  R
e-mail: [email protected].
* M7 W7 q# m" D' `5 o4 Oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! p( g9 Z; }8 V; B
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ _0 G; o; [3 I& ^' ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 M6 |& N: v9 }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# S# R9 I8 A4 g. {, Y# P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" k0 j8 l' i* R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- c- X; }) `: e# g
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 p" X5 S7 z7 K5 h8 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: s% w8 i2 Q: v/ {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" R* x. C4 P( X& Dwas age appropriate.
& S: b2 d" d+ _1 G. w# N$ QThe family history was remarkable for the father,* @$ `2 ~& P* J: Y( L0 \: o) e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) V! B# C, h" o4 B2 i8 u& twhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ L! R) H. @3 A0 v3 }% K2 ~( `6 ?* h+ i! Pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 @' j1 j$ N( B; m+ w) [/ e7 Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# r+ |% M) @1 X6 V& {# d9 mThe father denied taking any other medication. The
3 s' W# J+ b) `$ [2 `9 hchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. |0 K/ @- y4 E& \! S; J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, T6 l0 Q% R0 S0 C
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-7 x! r1 C/ R7 l$ k; I: R, z/ L
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  u7 t, y) q/ K) T$ ~  atives. There were no siblings./ @; K2 u. _- Z2 a, v7 M3 J
Physical Examination
* D3 [2 E- Y% f/ b% DThe physical examination revealed a very active,/ D$ O" w6 r( z7 b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
/ [! A0 P. b2 i4 M" fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  T- W' @  }4 Q5 M/ w, \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 E: p; f5 R, M& X3 F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 A0 g2 e" }# j7 i5 u# Jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- h# |; u: v( d# a- x
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) z5 b% X8 x9 L' e2 T$ a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; K' Y0 a# a& `% @  |7 P& ^
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! H! i2 z& F8 \7 \" w, U. U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 e7 [/ e1 y0 q5 t$ F+ D6 }5 _
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! Z; [& d* J3 t+ ?% }) H5405 q6 K( r! `7 Z* `1 p/ H1 D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) z1 r$ p* [. a- {
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 `$ g5 o9 v" j- _, ]  E# W3 g8 v
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. l: |/ |3 U- D8 ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 y+ e9 Y% Y1 \. l/ E' Q  soily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, I1 W& D0 c* t$ @* b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 `4 p" x- r. J) K' s/ E5 D* I  DNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ `: j' N7 Z" W( n  _bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ q2 U" K1 L4 i$ h& Tof papilledema.
$ d. f  e+ Z; W  ^Laboratory Evaluation3 h; F8 j9 S- ?* ^; `1 _% v
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. n: P/ b0 _8 W+ u4 Susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& T2 i0 i6 t& O2 D) e: B
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 r& I! c6 U1 w0 r# k' r* n( t, P
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 \0 m( S7 h& p3 d- ]7 z8 O! o% m. x0 k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" {  t! M8 G* D, ^' `( F0 S1 J* o
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 f! J+ y! O6 W9 p. X. }
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 [5 q  Q" K) p( E1 g4 W( Y+ U
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 V/ e) p, @  C+ F" ?5 Y6 p+ [within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 ~6 N0 N- b6 N% g+ C# }1 `of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( d& g9 v& _8 v6 }
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: z+ w3 e3 b, X1 Z9 @$ O' V) w* I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: B3 G& r7 Q& q8 Q+ |* B  iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 c9 o- ?9 [( p8 z6 q# d% W
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 _$ X1 o+ c9 H: \" k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; L. r( O+ [# W0 Kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 T" n* m- C6 ?. _; a. G) etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 e+ W0 j- x- x* Y1 o6 Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 m3 d( v) B. L1 ~( r/ r( l. L5 L5 _7 Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 o! v/ R7 e7 n% i% [3 F$ T  o$ Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 G' e4 J  _- H  S2 l* p* A5 Wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. K. P3 [7 m8 R( Z) D3 j$ F' Oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; Y) v' N% K" I! c; @
(prepubertal).
$ S4 f, ?* \- s3 Q  T/ Q% D* u$ uThe parents were notified about the laboratory8 Z3 a6 I! o) i3 K
results and were informed that all of the tests were
2 p4 v3 s: Y0 ~  |+ cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The6 l" L6 y1 h9 h; a: R" ~
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: k$ {4 e' d* l+ ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: T3 F, J1 n/ u7 i& l: O7 Cever, the family did not return for 4 months." ^) c$ Y1 o( F% i/ b
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) z; N; C$ F' R8 A* ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 k: N( J3 R% i+ Y7 D& \/ e" Y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ E8 k* S' p9 m! l! T% w" m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
! N( A' w& @5 V$ o0 M% xpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ Y& R4 c# i# Q$ |  p9 |1 a; r9 O$ dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ ?* \5 }1 q  U. Z1 a( V) j5 e0 o, P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 W% Z% H; _# i  b2 |The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; H+ i4 ]6 T7 K. S+ W3 ving frequent erections.1 m. V# l3 Q" X# E
Both parents were again questioned about use of, s% J, V) R8 A$ o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 C  Q" a* c1 N0 |  K8 |8 c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) g9 x$ k. v+ d9 q) ^, }Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  c( A% U, H8 I* u1 Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ K* |3 @$ z- F) k+ E$ y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 U/ d5 }; |0 Y4 J% p( na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. J' x7 R* w% |  s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: w+ [, B" v- ], O! K* d2 d
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido% A) [) |3 g' \$ H: s  d
secondary to depression.: y+ ]# p) c. x; Z' e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  G- w* C( V3 J# u: f" z& y* K) \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his) Q4 J' J: b! h! A6 A
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( }0 P" G0 T/ U# D. Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, b" w# y+ N. i; TThe father also admitted that after the phone call,. Q# V6 d' A/ f  v. ~/ n8 g3 k4 [
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 T8 A2 U+ c8 P1 w) R. b" x$ _
was high, he then read the product information
. |' C& \. v8 S% ?9 hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 R# Q4 a* O' g  ~0 m  d* g. N
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 ?! K! [0 F) [
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 w- j4 ~; d- s* vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( A9 l0 D9 z* I' t& N7 o
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
" D; E9 n/ L# B; u# b0 C9 dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ N( o2 {1 K& g* y  S" q5 ]laboratory to obtain the test.
2 Z6 U0 X7 K2 i9 g4 z9 ODiscussion
( X8 a' s7 R  F. `: i# A' j) VPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ `- a/ P4 b* R! w% o0 C! T4 q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 M+ k' B+ `# P1 k3 q+ C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- T1 B9 V# p( R$ b
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: q; A: @8 E5 K. e* Y( K. G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- E2 f( H  ]- _9 {4 v
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ M* c6 a% P2 w/ omay have a central nervous system lesion that is) q9 u, G4 c+ X5 |# O/ K6 a1 j% q
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  U1 v3 ^9 Q; n4 T& }7 ^amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# A' r  t' I* Y/ {; D$ _sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 A* j# F( R9 e& G% rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 ?' J( J' f6 \* f
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, A# I' I6 Y9 Y2 b' u" ?) `7 A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# W) i& h; C7 B+ Z' Z- y
gonadotropins.1,3
: A: y1 s2 F8 N: ]% tGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ d+ j: y" k, {# x
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 \8 D( y! A  x  t: y! k6 c! T4 M
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 M, _: ]! D8 s: K: }* fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) ?) R) I/ S2 {! Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 t$ ]" N! B2 b! V$ Rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; P: ~, P/ x' W+ `, O, c) Z8 ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious5 N# y: j; e/ [; ^
puberty in boys.3,44 @# f& s/ L% j' a2 x) X- W' x
The most common form of congenital adrenal! Q% [' U+ @% y6 ~4 s5 x9 [! m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 A0 u4 \8 r5 s) r% ~( D+ TThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% E4 P( v3 _( U( s5 Nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; a5 G& a9 d6 Q2 G- p, c4 t* O2 P# E. ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( L3 @% P9 u7 d  y( u
excess.1,3* j* t9 Q. H, H9 ?4 ^4 [; \' X" O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" D* i# L2 w# K: {9 e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  i7 g& w, l$ O2 A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 [. L7 U" s6 D0 n* I1 E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) l6 [, S. `) ^( k3 s5 h, y1 e
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; e$ w4 j! B9 t3 i7 F/ @very young age. The physical findings in these boys9 ~7 y* A8 R; K  [8 X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 n5 y1 A5 x( g( w1 l; B" M0 j& x
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 V. H4 R7 D" q8 fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; s) m& t: O0 }: C
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 m, [* h: H3 r! r: [
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-0 R: [6 D; C4 n: Z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# ~. @4 S! c$ o1 Y3 K7 S, iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 V4 [6 L# g/ `2 T/ {$ T- N) q5 X1 g
males; therefore, other male members of the family8 [3 f3 L- z+ M* ?7 s* H, `. o
may have similar precocious puberty.3) r$ E1 ?* I: m6 o" v
In our patient, physical examination was incon-  I7 P3 z! i; T) f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ I  L" N+ p: E+ V1 `, k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis' a. F. h7 _0 g9 [5 t  q! ^
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
  P% B2 S0 M( n5 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ {' v" A+ ^0 y7 C9 m, @1 Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the+ l  A) q/ k$ k# O% b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 v; f, \) t0 r4 A1 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 R+ E( L8 z/ M/ `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; p. S; Q/ F0 U2 }% j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% x5 E4 i, n! ^0 T% x( Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ k) _# W" I% @1 q0 q* U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, n. q8 s, d/ z9 NThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' F5 C0 g3 z  g9 B# I
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) _$ s, S$ k+ Dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 \" i; ^( }. e) }3 Y% cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 a' V1 C1 k$ _2 k0 ^decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" P4 p1 M, a/ h# z8 Nterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
7 |, ]7 V* \5 [; tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. M: K2 M8 m2 z  T' p9 b' s
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* D1 H6 g* W, ^- ~& S, ]- G" C8 ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 [9 w3 ~# S+ c$ H5 E$ L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure." {8 Q8 J. ]' t' E" O2 u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; U, g4 K. y. S7 O0 g8 {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ z6 s# a- P4 `6 z  i3 @4 Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* {0 r+ `4 e% f* p' c4 d9 }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 F5 Q" p7 W: C) }0 E& s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- Q' L& P- d5 KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 p9 ~( ?- M) ~. x, nwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% c" V5 s5 ^0 i& D# G6 Ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! @0 ~  d( X: m6 o- `$ U6 Q3 l' cterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( u! l0 P  y! jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
3 q- C) K; {1 Jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: b3 p' X* u# ~' g) g! ?7 Qdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- h5 l& V8 G5 W0 E: R' f; R/ V
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ T+ \# W5 y* ]2 D) ^% xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 r  b$ H* R; kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 q: l7 ?/ \, R, BThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 J* x; L; ?2 k# t3 Q! b; pearly childhood on pubertal development and final: K  N! e7 s8 D* q7 }* m
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 j/ z0 z- g: ?' O% s. f5 k
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-2 ]. Y1 @- w5 T$ f7 L; l2 }
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! M9 n* J) Y, n: U8 H& Q! K; e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' V, K- C( `/ a" D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& P* i9 \7 ?1 qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, L3 G# S+ o6 ^% V1 \There are conflicting reports and controversy* M& i+ n% s/ P$ v+ B- j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 f. W  b+ V+ _) H" H3 \7 W) r4 ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 M7 ?3 t) o' @  _adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& t* c$ G- M9 s& ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 i  [, m8 f, p1 R, t9 ?8 T6 R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between! v" P$ h/ q: ~! c! x: P; z# Y* x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 ^9 I% D+ m2 z5 R& x
penile length in clinical studies.
+ M; B5 I. O: {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' p2 R" v( {7 w  s) W; U* Agoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
; B  g/ q, ^$ ~+ Gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ R( y6 s" ]0 a6 G# V& M
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 t$ \4 i/ {5 B# r3 T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
* O; u7 H( c/ |' b6 y+ R) D( ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 J& ~: q# w4 a- S( |* g! C7 U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- D1 b3 R" G6 q' w
height will not be affected.
6 {3 _9 f1 W8 D4 P$ ]% `+ wAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 a) ~( o! Z' g5 Z# z
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 x, d$ S& [: S; zindeed cause more virilization in male or female) Y5 R2 c1 o0 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 r1 m$ F$ Z5 m( a7 ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
* q( Z$ e5 p2 g; u% b. }9 Z( jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* \7 ?- C, p2 _+ j8 Fgel should be asked of the family members during7 m( V( U& z& w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# A6 j! a) C% e7 v! Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% I  I/ e; o; j% n6 d8 E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) e+ ]- R  L7 S: `+ ~7 happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- j) u) m" _. \5 Vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 m, s  x- l! g6 U: J: C2 wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 ?, M3 U9 @  @8 Z' o
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 I% u1 s8 w6 M
aware of this fact, because most of these children
/ G2 }1 z/ g0 Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ X3 O7 Z! l; o* ?7 jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
& K2 }! ~1 O5 B. _warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: p  V9 l1 R6 k' ~" ^female child who might come in contact with some-
+ Y3 i8 G. l- Y8 O4 O: U) Rone using any of these products.- K! X8 l$ o, ]+ x" z2 a+ Z0 {
References
. ~  C' R; T/ r- L3 z2 M3 n1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' o6 p% @  d4 D4 {/ i9 T* tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 K# [* B  y9 o& Z& X1 k6 X* y- z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ M' {$ m# K1 U6 ~
2002: 565-628.
/ f9 H& {; r+ f3 ]' x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 E# q& X% E# o0 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% s0 _( C: I2 |  t. {3 X6 bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical' b" O5 o) l& E- h7 N! \0 t, f  S
Exposure to Testosterone
6 e2 ]" R- f8 K+ b) M! FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" i9 S. H5 X  V: Q) M
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 q# C  a1 ]; |+ e$ \! E
Clinical Pediatrics% X9 h. u: u' x& I* ^8 W/ M
Volume 46 Number 6  G2 n) x9 K9 W" I
July 2007 540-543
2 j8 K2 A0 \- s. l% R* `7 @* p© 2007 Sage Publications7 {+ S6 M& n* E# m
10.1177/0009922806296651; A% Q- Q; z9 n3 j8 N5 r0 u4 X
http://clp.sagepub.com
; ]/ n& `' z( ^' n) n, J) C2 a/ c. lhosted at4 \/ z* P" {8 |! A
http://online.sagepub.com) w$ j" L5 F( L; q$ X% B
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 ]( Q* u$ c0 C8 `# |! Fis a significant concern for physicians. Central5 _* }& S! g. Z7 @: O4 u
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ C1 h4 D+ x7 E3 O* c' Z. fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 E3 l3 c3 `; u+ n- q8 r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% C$ z) g# M: `% X, Q; ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- G; ~/ N1 h( j, I7 X( X) w
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) d3 \- b& n" b- shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 V' b& q6 o1 l8 v" G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We! [! v& b" y- e4 f8 x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( J2 b- |2 A; M3 Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 F8 G4 D1 J8 U, \( t; U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 ^1 H; }7 H& U+ f
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ p: a+ s3 }! ?the father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 F. L. u6 w3 Y4 @
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) S5 U5 E$ o0 T$ L- U5 Z: [: lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  p. U& g7 a8 ?4 y* _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
8 u# {% o+ I' B8 @3 y/ J, x- v. j# bbly more common than the rare case report in the: G* p& g% j& M6 p) `
literature.4' W3 D1 w5 \8 l( U
Patient Report0 t9 S1 K2 b6 U1 M1 T% P& {; f
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 T) ^! ?  _, p6 i0 j! @5 s
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ j% ^" o2 y+ N' j6 I3 ~5 ?, x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
: m; y( R/ S9 {8 {: Z  `light colored pubic hair development when he was# _- t0 |& @% K" h
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 G5 `1 k- }9 N& a3 x" d7 gSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( r2 U( ?: J1 H. Z% w6 rAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: x* Q8 }) i7 ^# K. MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" j: z8 M: y9 }5 z* G9 x; X# TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ P: Z0 a( B& u8 E- J
e-mail: [email protected].  e, J  M6 `3 E; G) p4 J  `
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% I4 I1 F: ~5 f* edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ a4 J$ K6 @: ?# `4 t* b, Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' h5 u* U/ w$ I  q& U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 ~' p% e( D0 u( E0 xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: d, }# r0 O& W  g; j# x+ ]  ]' W2 b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year' C" q( d. T( x3 @$ f. Z* S9 S
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ a) q4 ?( G) D, l  {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* @9 D+ D) N7 y6 l3 m+ w9 k7 H8 |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ [* Y! W4 ~+ e. t0 N7 u7 v: [was age appropriate.
1 T/ }# ~1 G7 q8 b% {The family history was remarkable for the father,
% E9 H5 w; z  d& V, [; F% a9 Jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* |, i! A$ [- W- d
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# g& `9 E/ x5 ?1 |; mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. z0 d& e0 X" r' F
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 @4 r8 c# A" k1 U5 }4 \The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 p( h; w7 I5 X$ V7 j2 Rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" V) ?( m" b! \/ h
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 `- R% o4 Z' k( S  Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 t3 g! `3 I% K1 v# n# T9 acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ Q% _" b4 f- o* V' Y- `tives. There were no siblings.& p; r# _$ F# u) D6 Y
Physical Examination
7 v9 M) ~- v; i% _, `8 OThe physical examination revealed a very active,
6 T; v6 \4 r2 Y: D% b, j9 u/ h- aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ f5 }$ @3 R2 P& y+ w, m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% t, O9 @5 D- X* b
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% c/ b# t7 `' @! E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth/ T* ]' j. [, o: P: ^2 Z3 s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" K" p2 }8 X! I* {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 e: m+ x% V. y% DThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" {/ \$ o3 |8 Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) v1 d& w) u: `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
4 O* s. }: J! H( ?  s# I, jdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, K% D* O6 }& Y2 [0 s# n' C0 |
540
9 }9 c) U3 y" t3 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' G9 j$ Q0 {' f. n5 Ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, `( a! v- F( i# T2 n" G; Q* btesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& b* S3 @- ?4 k: D0 i" l$ a; mThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. P  A$ w( D. o% {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 H9 H( s, |3 Habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% y6 x1 v6 S, {/ o; O7 U1 s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 l0 u4 [: d& {9 E0 abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. T, J5 }3 F7 W# E3 h4 Zof papilledema.
; D: k& A2 C% `8 y# J+ y, f4 mLaboratory Evaluation; ]. u) B7 K2 u* {' X
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 m! u4 N; _+ b
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 U7 B1 _5 H) H) o" W' b
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal9 Q/ I* W" Z4 z1 a1 T
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 q9 U$ F  S4 g3 F
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. e. ?2 a/ u# K( L: m! k) @lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 V" m( k  A- kThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood* q! R6 ]+ ?& z! s2 X8 ]  v
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were! V  n0 g1 {1 Z/ ?% \" S& r' t
within normal range for his age. The concentration
' N0 k7 F9 d5 t0 ~2 o1 qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 C( O, W3 e# |8 y& _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* n" j. v* I- i. H; H8 I5 U, ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* F: b8 c6 a$ n8 b8 `
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 A2 ?. {% R0 l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: d* q) X  @- n
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 o" x- g, p/ d5 B# uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: A1 ?8 [& A; t+ J. h" wtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 ~1 j3 s  m& v4 Mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),- E' \/ B  P  \0 W! X7 C2 c( P  [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 D. u% J' R. L; m& y  Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 Q! l# p$ D" Y, N6 M7 ?" }9 x1 ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' a3 Y  ?+ `, F! ~. A( w( v5 lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 w! n" h& P- N# y9 z/ P% q4 |(prepubertal).
8 R. `1 S& ]% P6 G. f% s9 R+ ]The parents were notified about the laboratory0 `% N! @2 c8 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were
+ q5 ~( g+ E4 z5 d3 Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The
) c6 H  C! K5 K- V. C3 h0 h( Q: S- Gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 g3 h: m  {, p& Z6 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  X8 N9 y% r9 J9 k& x" s
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& Z3 n2 R# J. _7 }  R' m6 F# ePhysical examination at this time revealed that the- N) H9 m4 }! N+ A9 M  w8 h0 y
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; W5 s0 f5 J! g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 d3 O# [2 Z2 D- Ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% ]2 v) v) g9 G! o! p4 Cpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" s+ f+ X2 U8 q! Ythe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* G' c3 P# x6 A4 y( |mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* W, \& r! s6 g) m  [) nThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 u7 M/ D  ^0 y# ~) ^3 v/ V4 \$ r. ying frequent erections.
4 A6 N+ c3 b( P7 `0 i7 \  c2 uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* R7 E( Z$ O: x# W+ `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 I& O# q, D' L; t' q; xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 u: E) q" F- ~1 F$ `/ Q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 U' Q8 g& {1 G% Q5 w/ H  k. d- ~use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, D' z. _2 r4 f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* C" h  y0 b! L& B6 V$ w% }& \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 g- S  \$ y- G# X0 h2 D: f
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# P1 \5 H; f8 m4 L3 Y5 t
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 U2 |  g3 C* Z, _- A
secondary to depression.& w' s% u/ g5 {! _1 ^  T8 w  X$ p/ q0 O
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
7 K, a  h& K( v# [, {( s, AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& Z) S9 T" F3 B% E5 ]+ p: ?chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' k% Q9 X- e0 ~0 ]nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. x. t; e! _+ S( g4 E& WThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
& y: O5 d4 C6 z" t8 Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ h- P! r8 o! l8 a) R8 p) X* ^& Kwas high, he then read the product information7 ^3 t2 `9 @4 {+ i# D5 @* T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 ~( E) N/ ^* g+ Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* C8 w0 L7 n% {! N# Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ |1 T4 p. r, w0 f# \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 U$ {# i$ Z; ?1 obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ @" q5 e# i% _, J1 `1 c! j" Atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
' {4 @4 U4 t, a2 Dlaboratory to obtain the test.
3 K  }% Q+ U- c! [0 I( f1 R5 TDiscussion0 v2 y1 }4 B) Y6 _4 o2 E  L0 A
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ R" p. z% `  ~, p' @  ~; ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 N9 D; A: u. y! J, XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) I! E4 Q% G( z- j# |1 U2 L- e0 Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 u5 L2 Y2 B! H1 K6 l. H( ]* v
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( Q1 I1 W( u4 A0 m9 {) K4 ]mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 v7 d" |6 Y# E0 S4 m. O$ N' u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ v0 X& |/ s* A: Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- X( Q0 c) r+ jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  \1 e. ^* a4 z# H/ Y8 I
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  j! x- R- a; T" P1 u( K2 ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# H/ i' `5 l- H9 {4 eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-& d% o2 X/ j- u$ e) ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& \: k- h$ m7 K* ?9 ?
gonadotropins.1,37 }, b* d5 z5 e1 n
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 s- Z( _- _8 b; k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 t# A. a2 d. u2 q" gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 @! k& u* v5 V4 Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 I$ {5 D/ n. r! E* r& `/ T, nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, A  V1 H1 m# ~2 q/ b4 a# ]7 T" ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" M+ N7 }  Y1 P$ h* a/ h  Q2 u# k2 Badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 S  f5 {! t) `# [! L$ ?puberty in boys.3,49 G) u" |' b0 w$ N
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; C) p; p  c! v( N; F0 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 @6 R- Q/ ]( Q+ A) uThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( U: P# e7 N6 |5 ^2 _. ]! T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 O: @, j/ W3 w/ y
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' J) c1 M4 B8 D7 ]4 @7 F8 texcess.1,3
& R2 T% `5 T$ @. J6 Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 S# h' O0 K6 l/ D0 {% k
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ I% ~: n( k6 B! G/ \
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& p; A5 t( E1 D7 mindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% V, K5 w! F2 f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 g1 J8 D. C8 l! D4 l% C- @; ~very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 Q9 n3 n; O) j/ g) {with this disorder are full pubertal development,
0 I3 U& Z. M/ xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ u/ T2 w( u& b4 P; o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ e- f- x0 {# Y: n, Yare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( R2 o  g' o8 Z# l
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 q( _& _7 w4 H( N( treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% T# \- m3 e/ ?4 vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only) m  s' F  w" H& w
males; therefore, other male members of the family7 T# H- J* n& s! b, S: P: p
may have similar precocious puberty.37 W0 C2 k0 [! n3 z* t! U, |: K5 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' i, D+ t/ n- F: z/ _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: K( z& x' U9 U: @! x- m# l' Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 X" t8 z; `8 J9 `
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
( L& g0 `; o+ F5 p$ Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 a1 e) ~- W" E" gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 x: {/ W  ]) J$ T- ?5 S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 C; H( G) X, n6 Rative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 P( G# Y8 Z; n% U" Z* s1 p
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 v( q  g2 W+ @6 U+ j. \3 d; g3 veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ w8 J+ g% d- l
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 ?% `% H# Y6 r% H, Ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.# |1 c% s$ J9 z. N4 X: @3 j. K# v
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  [2 j" E: t' y8 E1 o2 R
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 p, @3 _  x4 |
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( D: ]* D4 u2 l6 Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 v, ]  j: U4 N
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: [/ _" J6 \3 k0 S
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) Y) s/ _; [' h9 x6 }
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" O# V1 v) e7 u" g3 ?: n
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; g/ [( C! t4 ]. ]9 fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# p' o( o: D' ]; G$ G+ A, O% Junprotected females through direct skin exposure.. n) F, |* N5 Z& P6 X2 o5 A" M6 ?$ z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 j" U' h4 L( g" @3 W3 F% gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 b( c% L, c% Z; E! u' f+ f) {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 x" Y  t+ f" j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 a* s  v) ^, q$ J8 e1 P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. o, m" ]7 d4 O( z5 D8 t8 OOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,. L9 _% O; L- p' ]: ]4 l
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* @/ }7 n7 C  U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 ?+ X! k6 ]+ m' k% F
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; P7 W$ Z" B; \& l6 y  f
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, l3 F' i8 P, u' B# uexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% r! K, J( G) F, ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to# W8 m* l) ~3 R
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% Q* t4 I$ K7 Q: Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
# ]+ m9 i1 U) A" Eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& h' Z$ w- `: l, g2 O, R* v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& V6 R" s# f. p( d# i& c4 Eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
4 n2 E0 i# w4 x- z+ P/ G* D8 Badult height are not fully known and always remain
$ ?5 p4 E( `& l; S2 qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" J, P2 G8 Q6 ~5 {8 E9 P
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 ?7 }! N7 Z6 u3 z8 L5 m
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ R6 b5 E( w: P# y, p3 [7 b
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  _0 V9 _7 ^, }  q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; k$ H% q4 l0 l" ?2 |# X# VThere are conflicting reports and controversy
$ f* W3 w7 T8 V$ H$ W( k  {) Jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: G$ a% Q9 ?' ]% S" p- m, epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" c# X% e  P" Dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" _7 C8 @1 u. b  c: E
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  l( y' h0 w$ N; F# [3 h) ~) O
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, e* q/ i" T$ [. V7 y" y/ {: l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ x+ e# l+ J  f9 p1 a# f) {penile length in clinical studies.
8 ^+ ^  G/ H7 ~$ ]. CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% F  q1 w9 d5 t9 R: Sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 {8 B6 r- H, ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 P8 P* l( L  C  d" q2 T
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 j: ?% F; |# n1 w3 bAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
. P- e$ x6 D! P  x# Q: [3 Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- Y4 @$ c$ G; v; y' X6 I% O/ Ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* L9 @$ }& M$ qheight will not be affected.; y' G5 }8 F: `  T& @0 T0 J2 [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& C4 Y4 @# Z5 oability of androgen products in our society may5 o2 i: J" D& y" S: [* N! V/ \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
, ]( @1 H! @& A3 T3 d2 lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: `9 n/ u8 h7 egen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 w& X7 \+ F: p; h# {+ Wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or, ~# u% y+ O3 g) I
gel should be asked of the family members during
  e7 [5 @. p4 w1 ]the evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 V& ?0 T' m. U( @/ A; P  ^
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" {; g% b' F1 I! A+ o  t* jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, t8 ^" y7 ^- _6 ?7 B7 ?% ]# X6 sappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( |1 |3 @& W9 V- ?4 t5 Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may/ i! m. I5 s. y7 z4 C8 ~) L7 _
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' E3 Q1 z/ p/ A2 [+ Q5 O" _investigation. The primary care physician should be
' A' @# O3 B. caware of this fact, because most of these children
8 e) C0 M7 O% O* s; {3 dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 C& G8 D5 f& |Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 x1 O8 m( M6 c7 Q2 f, Z3 E% nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" c8 C& X5 z+ K2 vfemale child who might come in contact with some-; B9 ]* H. l: O: ]
one using any of these products.
* a4 y; j( {1 X  Y0 p$ Z% a& g7 NReferences* ~; ?, J0 u. ?' V+ F! f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 U! r* d4 \8 u' r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 [/ y* `3 A/ \0 n! w2 x6 j
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* S( n! r1 i& @2002: 565-628.
4 l& H- r1 D& I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 ]1 q( W: _' B
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ z; D. I; y# [0 O) P1 ]2 m7 {
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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