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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ J1 h2 L5 {5 n& C0 k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
' Q. f7 ^6 o; g5 jExposure to Testosterone
1 w# b# z' ]% gSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' ?' ?  B1 K7 E2 O2 @  L* band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 i. [& p0 r9 aClinical Pediatrics
/ V& x5 \, W' d" ^) V( F' b% XVolume 46 Number 6$ {- I+ u, Q9 ~
July 2007 540-543
) s# t5 t+ ]: d& ^) ]© 2007 Sage Publications
" O& r& c, \2 Y0 H' ~7 O* Y10.1177/0009922806296651
& n4 ]2 v6 |% N7 e( V5 h0 g5 Uhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 b. C9 [( _7 z# h# u
hosted at
7 H" Z+ p( q; x! V) @0 D/ [5 thttp://online.sagepub.com, E+ @% o1 Z# l$ S2 q$ T$ u& r
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 h) [1 S& S* o( y. S  mis a significant concern for physicians. Central; z% }+ M# G9 B8 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. F1 `' h3 d6 X  Y% c+ R: K* X  b
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; Z" ^+ A7 Q- t, c% Q. S' @
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 Y* N3 P( t: f: V& E$ C/ Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" }. L, h8 [! C; y/ C3 [
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 L' z3 {' x  b6 w5 T# }. Z% Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, |- W% Z- w1 O
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% ^$ x8 g1 v% M, J5 e: [
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) o- c7 ~4 i2 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 p. v$ t* j( c5 V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* W9 N$ Q- W: T! T9 R0 n6 kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. g1 K! X0 b$ Q5 K, e, Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: m0 a# I- @- ]  ~# x5 umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 m1 {; Y) x) [& I+ d* Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! f2 E( s) ~) f7 ^  r, j
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' K: D9 x( t8 f& I4 f
bly more common than the rare case report in the- J5 l" B- D7 R4 Z
literature.46 _* I: H$ [% q. f
Patient Report. @5 Y3 ]* `4 r" M+ H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 H( i  [0 r( o7 a, i3 I* l
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ ~) y8 h5 R3 w# Y, d' ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# C( s) \# v! L* ?: f3 X
light colored pubic hair development when he was
% S4 ^" G% B: J; eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 _( E8 |* Q! U4 m: w. S( r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& A6 J, f5 w2 v6 y$ cAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. T! R6 g- t8 u- W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 A+ g9 y$ @' a8 N4 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! J, n) p6 ^6 o; j0 I
e-mail: [email protected].
7 g  O; b& ^2 R3 {" a$ pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) K' x: n' A  Odarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* o: P) V7 i; W/ J# o0 Tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, [5 k" P4 X: \0 }0 d9 hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) H3 U7 V: ^" @+ fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 [( Q; a. Z8 O! u( n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year6 P( s7 D0 L/ o% _; y( R6 Y7 C
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. }" @; I* E6 n# ]" G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 m1 S! K! w, {- m7 S1 ^& Y& vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; N0 C  `- L6 s2 f6 w; cwas age appropriate.* \7 Q7 W7 S" s7 O( V2 k/ Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ P) l, b& I6 ^" C) k0 b8 hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% N$ O5 Z5 P& w  J# d  q# [5 Y/ X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 f% ^* [6 Z* W. `$ X$ ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% \3 K8 e/ x- @7 ?; j5 e# Z: {early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., g& Z0 W0 Z4 a8 Y7 z' i7 U
The father denied taking any other medication. The) n& o/ M8 w6 C7 c& d4 l. L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 g* F6 r  n. [. P. l# _
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 H8 Q6 C. K8 A) l5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& n% Y9 I$ z, [/ C" f: wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ J) B% X( L: j. ltives. There were no siblings.1 [$ n# i0 j; t& e& }
Physical Examination6 g- s! A% t, U4 l) q: h: c5 ]" x$ d
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 z+ A$ S) N( j& B7 Y, g5 ~
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- \; ~5 Z& ?) V- r# q$ I" L# p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 P' S3 V: f0 l! a7 A, d  \1 K/ [90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 F- p" ]/ ]; e(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) M. e, u! N( S: z9 c9 B) e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; ?  n0 z  U, @* M$ D& g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ n2 `. B% }' I! R
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* T" g$ \' w% s  O: ~8 p2 v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
. O! o, g- E. V/ i% o1 D. e" S$ j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 e( K# p+ T0 i3 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! ^( n* h2 }, |; {" E$ \. A
540& T- Z7 M, h* U; \- M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, n  j" x  S2 C- Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 s1 ~/ L, w" k- ^) Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ T: Q! y# e4 C/ T: EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' S7 Y& S  y" A8 i8 ~  |$ U
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' W6 U7 t& [6 H% C, {
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( P5 s- {) H  |
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, }, r3 B8 R' o- p" nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ [. P; k5 J9 ~) s3 _* o  e# Fof papilledema.4 a- P- n, c/ p3 D3 C2 I
Laboratory Evaluation
' [/ H) u- y+ N  m. R- f2 SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 f8 _9 i1 P6 K3 \( D8 n( V
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 N1 q8 E, U; {( ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, B  ~; [4 x. S, q9 xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 G/ j& m0 C% ]0 y3 \, O$ k$ N
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 ~' K) o' ]$ s" q; T# e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# H1 D+ ?: }6 @The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
1 \2 L: V- }: D; Nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 r8 {* V6 q  {within normal range for his age. The concentration
" G; a) S& D- m% ?/ ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 u; i$ J* S6 C! ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* U$ k/ q# U" l0 q
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: g4 |/ a% G, V; ~5 F, X4 uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 ?3 L9 ?) Y  e0 [4 i! L5 Tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" S0 J' V" c* h$ V9 v1 I& m49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 Z' X( V+ J2 U& [$ w
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 q& ]: A8 ?* t  \: ^8 `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total0 Q! A% L5 X, R3 h+ P
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 z1 r* t9 f, Q- k4 a$ z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  X1 u( ^* t' F) @1 ?: _2 v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' E8 A/ D) m, j& ~, c. M$ }7 rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 }5 j: ~1 g& z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 e8 g5 c/ B' i  I(prepubertal).* C4 M( K" q0 s0 @
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 u+ X2 K0 W- ~, F) x( ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were4 {4 u* G0 Z* D+ |- _& M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The5 I) Z( M& d/ h, |
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ o7 }( X& x$ V4 H& }
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 F# O9 D( r2 i; z2 x
ever, the family did not return for 4 months., q6 y+ s7 I  {* ~6 k+ ?3 B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ U& v" p- g% f1 ^5 _: S6 p9 w# d7 g
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained) u7 D/ n$ a* N" ]
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 A& z+ o/ {. C# R$ U2 Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ q; x% U) i2 X( L  G( Z6 ]& ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at& ~. E& k. n5 b# j* c
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; S% ^" G9 e: }& v# e6 m1 {, rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 p  t/ m2 h) g) V- OThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: p( R' y" P: c3 [; s: aing frequent erections.
, P' {* t, o# X  eBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 o: t8 V! c& V7 N9 I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 I* n/ [- p# y' bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 g" {( Z" ]! m/ P$ e: aTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" Y( N6 B8 V) i# q- m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( H: H7 ~0 _5 D( T- n3 |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 ~5 M+ v1 W+ T) v6 Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 P+ O0 n; O8 \3 d0 {0 M5 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 t+ N- @, b5 gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) v" @. T$ z5 h  l, {
secondary to depression.* }4 p: T! Q2 ~( g3 D' x! u6 {1 \
The child slept in the same bed with parents.( P9 ^0 R" {! m: x' L
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 J# ~0 K3 ~, W+ H# p- w. cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 A- w+ g/ ^! K* N( V* K& m3 @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ e2 |# b8 k- }The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) F2 X+ o0 {) H. |! xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# B2 \! U" B- \
was high, he then read the product information' O! B! f7 f7 J5 T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# H: \( i1 w/ [% Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 T0 ~8 c) r3 H& [3 e
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* u3 F' D' M  T2 P% b! ?& S. u7 G
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 _2 z1 d) C( P& }. v
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. G0 G! q. W" K# m, t/ O0 atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% L' n  C9 x1 j2 L
laboratory to obtain the test.
4 `& |: y; K0 K! p4 j; J5 W3 IDiscussion2 {8 d. d% I+ o0 _/ E
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* a$ J4 p( K& T4 i/ X$ Esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ f( x5 }, _% e8 B3 X, i6 e( `& A4 H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 a$ r, p% x3 X7 L- C. H! Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
2 \/ r8 f; o2 ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. f& P* a$ D! g: J* E% }& Z" i) amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 m% `4 A) ]) b" H- j4 P% xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 ~/ c$ o5 q# S$ Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: R1 P, ]; g% a* T& ]6 tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' j* t: a# `4 B, \4 ~9 ksis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% O# q, C1 N7 ^) C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 U( d3 O  |' T3 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. Y2 _5 A& `, x
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 j, V; _# x4 J' C$ K# ~: Fgonadotropins.1,3% X. Q9 g$ D& U. `% ~0 w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: Q( I% Y& Q5 Q5 {; n5 e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 P: u2 z( V2 J
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& `( Z1 ~2 j5 }% w3 Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ }. x  R4 C" p" F% }/ D2 Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 K& b$ q4 S- t9 Y( {( G! c; Z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" B! y  t8 x$ X  d: x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! [3 q9 r9 g2 _/ q+ n2 ]: O( A
puberty in boys.3,4
7 M0 u2 I7 I, K+ H+ X4 o; x- h9 HThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( ?' s: ~0 v: }, V. f2 [8 M( chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, }- c: P4 N0 L9 `- D- LThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; V! `0 ^( e# q2 Y" A3 G. ?
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 a3 ~! L+ [& T+ N4 Q& Z* l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 @; O5 P' I& a6 S1 }6 y
excess.1,3
0 W( d8 Q3 `5 u1 D% \1 A3 hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 c5 O1 w7 w! p% G' u* f9 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
  r: Z: O- m: {A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 M# i& V* h/ ~- K: _" A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ N4 a( ?2 {4 M. c( R% N3 B0 d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) d* z: E9 p; s6 C
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. Y% s. }* O8 {2 x, xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 w( q/ a: p7 H8 P2 ~  o. u3 d& H* @including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: C* c0 z% c1 q4 n) ]! ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' L+ P) B6 z3 k4 a5 S* j6 _) o
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- f% o3 P& D. m" o- l0 k
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) x, |: K+ @" [# a7 U* W2 }releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. Y; m  t2 H7 v+ ~9 d! iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ d$ ?' W: g( p1 b, h; T
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- t4 n3 c0 o1 _0 ^% O$ Kmay have similar precocious puberty.39 R6 c  ~& x  u) ]. B: L
In our patient, physical examination was incon-7 e4 `" K, y3 u7 _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; g" V  y/ ~( U4 fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- Y2 I0 f# D, o+ ]; o' `& O- J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father( b/ }; a5 t: j4 ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( s- ]3 A1 r9 y- n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ |8 b1 J/ l( U3 I/ U& s, O/ ?beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% n! c; C4 O5 l* x& O$ N8 Y1 m0 F( Z9 tative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) s+ ~5 k& P! j3 r! }" W9 t5 h3 O7 zbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  I' m9 v" ^: h$ i2 X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 b! m( w. I8 X; {
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* b  m: l% k+ Q9 Q/ ring the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 z1 I7 n9 B7 a5 G: d. W
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, ?0 ?! T: `; b7 L4 c4 k" S( a2 t' Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: \9 \' ~" o) F$ V. I/ hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ @' w5 i: K/ e$ c9 F7 u6 ]: Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 U* {* D2 A! _6 n2 F' T+ [decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 U, a1 l( l' f. U9 b; V. `, Sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 ]0 f7 J" {) E7 w8 pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; J0 R, @9 e; N7 ]# V9 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( J' X9 s+ E/ X9 c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ _: n% W( c$ Q* x5 E+ N( runprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 ?4 W% D! ~7 Q! ~0 p+ X; `& nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) `1 h8 }' }4 |5 L, b7 f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 \% U* M" p' {6 O; V. i& [% F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 [4 c0 Z3 e4 }/ R. U9 @7 u+ V. c. |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! X0 h/ N4 K# ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 Z) {9 b# H2 H$ v1 ^5 w9 [/ U  j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: j5 f' @$ p. i! J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; c8 a3 h# d6 N" I# f3 |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ J$ ~# a" }* b0 D( f3 h3 r
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- d/ T4 d  \9 Y% N* k( A7 r" Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone1 c* `# a  h; @  f9 T
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. a1 s) d% B/ ?. U3 z' \! h3 O' q* j
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ ~1 \/ o1 B% z  jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 L0 [' s& Z6 j5 @; m2 ?* h2 Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
: E  z8 S- Z- X. n1 L) I5 Madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! c* I0 v9 u( N0 `; d% m, s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 `( S4 L. K/ F7 z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% m" ^$ {9 [: {* I* P/ s0 Y4 s3 Padult height are not fully known and always remain% s# J" K2 E  y: N
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# A! y# p+ H% ~# x* B7 H! B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 W0 b( w2 U% Z6 bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ z) u9 d$ e2 s1 {  L
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, S& p4 [" D/ _# q2 A/ Odecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, h! _& y/ S; [5 o( z! D- c- e' A
There are conflicting reports and controversy- t0 [; U% J% H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
  v9 I, `. E9 s4 Jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* R! f  A0 e& J: Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 D  p: Q& B9 B' r2 i; x6 A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 `& e. z& f. z* F+ I7 F: P  R2 _
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% t3 m' E# w6 H# }
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: F& ^6 \# @2 t% A: m& c: q7 d
penile length in clinical studies.
# c1 ]5 I$ M1 f! m4 ^5 S: y3 TNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 h- n( U/ M# l5 {' dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from, Y4 |8 u. n' [$ m2 h- P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because1 }; C: P& G1 [$ x  P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& [( w$ O3 j! ~9 R4 \( v0 U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
8 a# C! `! J; M, c1 A& adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' D. V2 Q% q- \( E2 x8 l, I
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 G! [/ F( ?$ a9 g: Z2 ]7 u
height will not be affected.
3 ^  p. S" ?( l0 b/ s/ l9 YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 w& j8 |' _, n9 S3 {8 [# ~
ability of androgen products in our society may  F2 F, w, ]1 P$ G
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& @& }+ m) l' c, R6 _( R  k
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ {" B1 A1 a+ t3 A) p( Jgen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 p; c( f1 x) _8 w+ `; [7 otioning about the use of a testosterone product or# g: @1 z) E  J
gel should be asked of the family members during1 V# P, _9 i3 w" d7 R8 {
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 I1 ?) X! N& z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ m! y/ k2 L, c3 P/ b8 N
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by% X7 ^% M  \, Y* C" z. k
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 i, [* j9 o- p9 Z+ ?4 ^* g1 _0 jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) T- c0 J$ B' Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 P% X4 _  |1 T& ~8 }; M& B) z4 F1 u# ~
investigation. The primary care physician should be
! ~7 \$ l$ P$ d$ d5 oaware of this fact, because most of these children
, D+ z& _, ]6 d1 Qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 }& u" O6 Q: L! J# g- a5 f/ TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) z) w) i1 Y) |$ ^) ^" O" t; T! ]0 z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ P& X1 K% i8 a1 ], y
female child who might come in contact with some-
5 s( S$ f7 C, G5 xone using any of these products.5 C% ^" @2 I4 t# R" T8 n
References( h- |% g% T! r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- M& m7 P( p: U/ N" L5 Xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) t: |0 Q- K! D2 z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 ]: U( ~+ |9 D2 d9 {, n3 Y
2002: 565-628.) K) S* h( M% K/ y+ W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# \0 V& j0 V' K" M
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: @; p' ^! D, H9 q* z' B7 u! O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical* `' @/ k0 e2 {; g" w: M8 b
Exposure to Testosterone
* `; Z/ I. u" s; b5 O) d& _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" ^! c* g2 G' G. i' yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 s+ u) F) C/ v# o, Y9 ~$ o; J7 T
Clinical Pediatrics+ C# N3 Y7 R) U# U
Volume 46 Number 60 }1 m0 n! [5 S3 w5 k: ?$ y2 g- J+ W
July 2007 540-543: o& e! Z: \, P* t* ^0 Z
© 2007 Sage Publications: H0 L$ |- N( b+ K) [% w
10.1177/00099228062966516 h" a: w" S. Q; g
http://clp.sagepub.com- j- o" z5 G. h3 T% R6 q0 z* n
hosted at
1 E0 Q' L$ Z) w4 D4 bhttp://online.sagepub.com
6 u" W! r2 I, v- R* L7 E% CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( p( U: D: L9 s+ q0 D) gis a significant concern for physicians. Central+ w# ]5 U6 b% j. U
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. i* q/ w. b6 Z# X6 s( D
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; \) v3 \5 U. H1 S! r# M4 }; [: G. }8 Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: A$ n) N; J4 F0 h2 elesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( B! ~& H/ `: N" I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ N! ^; X7 Q5 k
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 m+ [4 _' }' ?2 u  `/ f2 qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# N  g; L! V) X) m
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 M! d! s' \# K( ?# j" c' [( J4 Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% F% A% T! x5 _, i# p9 t) K+ oment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 b# n* Q* l$ y- R  I% Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 j% k- V9 U7 t" k
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-* F+ _% J, D5 _
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; w. ?, ?  c/ F' w& b5 y0 [) o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ l! z- T) n0 h' j* ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# w* ^8 G" V8 z0 c0 t; ybly more common than the rare case report in the7 {' O1 ?, S  [2 u2 e1 i8 I2 I
literature.49 U. l) q- @  B2 p6 k+ }" {) r! {/ j
Patient Report7 B2 o) a* a9 u; c% j' h# R# `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* x% ^; {; b$ W% m+ M7 L8 nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( A$ b' \" o3 O9 Oof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 {0 S: R; Z0 X# ~5 k4 w: i  flight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 T+ j& e# A! R/ @1 mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
  `& P4 ~8 `; Q# M# Q1 ~; B, _6 SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.3 X4 X' Q. |1 K4 b; z( p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 r3 ~+ M8 o4 p, {) s2 X, DProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ M" Z6 D) v, k& n" x# ?  X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* u3 }5 B5 ]$ M9 g: j4 X3 v
e-mail: [email protected].
) u6 z4 X7 P: N; P% Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; P* a% q6 C& H' f* z3 c4 Z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' `, P# M( i3 E  W
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& ]4 Z, Y  N; R2 N- ?: bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 x* B4 ]/ {3 v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
  A0 V- x9 p. Q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% @' T1 h+ t' s0 r+ T( aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 @" e, Y0 o: C* i% v' z6 _solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 M1 V2 A. O1 j" K9 band his psychosocial and psychomotor development3 t, Q& l+ N) E$ Q
was age appropriate.
6 w" W& }4 u* v& [* L! T5 u6 gThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 B+ t! I. {: D: Hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- \  E% C4 y5 j& F$ q6 Y9 T7 _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- L' j( R& n, ]$ ^) _; u; jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, U5 h. H& |5 Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' `$ o7 N' ~2 L% b6 a! LThe father denied taking any other medication. The5 n4 D% c- R1 D# V% F, ^/ Y- X1 Z$ v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( F4 L- B7 K# ywas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 X, ^* l- `8 @( Z6 \5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 }3 p$ v" A; {9 R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; v# Z( Y0 @# m
tives. There were no siblings.
" ]5 k9 I) q3 k, |7 g/ }, `2 ^) @Physical Examination+ g* z: _7 ?& N/ u$ ^! y9 U6 B$ P
The physical examination revealed a very active,  `4 f" }' Z+ }% z. W8 Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 `/ m2 O3 o7 A  d
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 y0 n6 z: N3 F
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! u% r7 h) y* V: H2 I: D(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 |, s: O4 c: \. p3 m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* p+ k7 q3 o2 O9 r# m7 h1 r
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ |+ l! U$ [5 F3 I) W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* @5 U1 u8 n, M1 qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! t# _7 |& h4 V- ^: @! o& h
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 p& n( U, S9 X! D: H7 ?7 b8 n0 ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# n5 @2 c1 u1 C, r! }540% k6 D. W; s. q2 E% h4 k
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" O1 M0 k! B( ]8 w6 Q  @( n
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 E) A3 z- `. }* R: Wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- y3 m% @2 M( b# J* LThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat9 X3 {& n8 z* r5 E9 E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ X- o. \7 A2 C) A* Q1 e
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' |8 R! R: a/ t2 q2 {; \3 C% O  i
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+$ b3 m. a) v1 {) b% q
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' Z* L* B/ u, Z# [' `6 o9 o5 ~of papilledema.
+ r) s3 E$ {* VLaboratory Evaluation
3 P9 |( w. W7 c! G( `0 N5 U1 _: DThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' v# X2 H  F& M% S- A$ ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 l% X# z0 ^. e1 F$ O' H% Mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; }/ M, k6 V, A% v2 W! ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* T; m0 p$ V- v: q4 G0 O: C0 J
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: G* u& u3 M% {) H5 J' J( blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ ?, G: K0 X$ d! p: D% d" u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) Y& j% N0 y/ J1 _9 t. i1 J' e2 A0 @urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were6 e. N& Z* X! u- V6 @/ Z) Q
within normal range for his age. The concentration# ~2 U0 z: Y3 P5 s
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% F/ T0 L! [# Z$ Z9 P
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, A' l( d. |# Z* d) q! p# Q3 F& c
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" A4 [# S9 g8 S) m9 Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 ~  j0 X, j6 ~: u) U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 w- ^) q8 Y- u9 Z7 b1 Q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; c0 R2 h' b$ K7 ^was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 [, J  e- Q" j- J) S; d* n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 ]; v0 P; Q. h; }" b0 [7 F# Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 _& M: ]# {, Y/ Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ w6 B, u  ^( j) j; s) R9 e5 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: E1 ]& e, A9 b/ u5 Y" A3 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* l8 j0 T2 J1 h7 I4 G; P# s( kconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; d, t6 o, T; b$ S+ U, }  z6 G3 |& s(prepubertal).
( N2 U9 H/ f, A& h6 z2 {! r5 yThe parents were notified about the laboratory* k% C5 e, S* Y# Q% H6 W
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' v9 |+ r1 c! ]" ?+ @normal except the testosterone level was high. The
& R  f) m, p' B7 n/ M: p7 cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- A& T8 D: d+ N% Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 x7 w$ D+ t4 ]$ Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.' ~% F9 b9 w) B! f, s5 Q' ~# }2 U
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
  d. J9 @+ U/ D2 s. q& nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( @2 w2 w! }0 l; W8 r8 d& D+ a
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. t9 o% p+ u, v# W2 }unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" G* F+ W. }1 U9 E3 Q/ V8 d1 p1 ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* ^4 M8 e1 l) y3 m3 C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
# v9 m2 O7 Q9 p1 A3 DmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# e7 v2 O% J7 E" D, C
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 q4 @  u) C( b2 [
ing frequent erections.
$ E! `1 i  H2 m2 ~' x; jBoth parents were again questioned about use of$ }! P: ^1 H, m  j- ]( Q7 S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 ~. W2 o0 _$ pthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. e- d' {/ ]6 S5 HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  T6 B$ B2 L. B+ X/ [7 S& r2 e  e! P
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  R! x" H- a- `: Y5 A0 ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# v9 d& K) R3 l' D0 va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
5 }! N! G% \! Q6 Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ g8 f9 T. ?  m; B; C* h$ n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- w! p- A: Z# `; }! X
secondary to depression.
8 y5 |$ ^+ e( t. h' `The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ v- a* L) m7 L: |1 F/ Q7 w& DThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ u3 ^9 u6 N1 v* d0 ?1 _$ Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, B% m6 T( }# `% z/ z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 A, i0 J9 p2 P8 `0 ~/ g; b
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; s3 J" U0 ?3 f( k  Y$ |- _& v9 Nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby  d: ~$ `% M5 o4 i# P/ N  E
was high, he then read the product information7 s0 ?. t: s& H1 ]
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( K, N* d5 P$ A# g0 O6 e
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- S6 @' h! C9 I) j8 A
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
5 p+ e2 U" j0 b( o6 [father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 g$ T+ o) I: o) k& u
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
/ Z+ l' y8 k- X2 y2 k: Gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 p5 x8 }, r" J- P5 W' Alaboratory to obtain the test.; ~# |' @6 \$ X1 n
Discussion
7 o5 Z5 X5 H6 F, z+ A, fPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 [8 y% h& T, v9 R6 v9 W
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  @( k0 q  k/ w: z; O5 dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* p- b5 W7 V& h7 F8 v9 \& {it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% y; H4 x  t4 d) Uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 a( O1 h$ o8 @3 o  [8 y* vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& F7 J$ C* U' ]
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, a% z+ B7 [1 R& Oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 ]9 e6 }( t  u* ]# bamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- ^; e( y( }% o  _  \& Wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, j8 s. w+ I( j: M2 u) Gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 f, z+ Y% Q6 K; e0 Y- Dization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 v4 U7 _0 O: k# W
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 A. i9 ^) p9 w$ B; {gonadotropins.1,3
' A7 ?+ G& k2 n7 U) BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 H( X. `4 L% l  o# wcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 d$ F9 i& n5 }- @) _androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 U' l. h# i7 n  I& Z) M; g
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 z% O' c. S1 Rulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( G9 N. m, U9 x  [& Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive7 A" N0 X: l1 M8 V# D' E  P4 n/ F
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, @+ I1 P/ z% Z( T, H$ J6 N
puberty in boys.3,4
: ]. C* D! y; d: f7 m2 ~The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 p& ^/ E" p0 o" B& O! }% ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- r) c7 ~9 P  _9 DThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 Y- G% q8 m! Z- e, Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 W: }1 X/ g6 Y+ A2 r
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 A, ^9 |  h! y8 ~
excess.1,3
( ]; g+ c# m- Q& @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* s7 p/ L& Q* {* ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 I' H: i( o* ^/ S6 N: u" \6 x
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* J+ h2 W5 {2 ?2 u- gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 E' ^4 c1 b; J$ a, z) K( j
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
) P6 Y7 x# q3 t( D: wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* k! s- Y* c# K2 X6 xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,, y8 c, L' C6 q( ^
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ Z7 r2 E. j5 h1 {; q9 @0 g7 mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( d# s6 y# z3 u3 R. J4 k' B/ _( t3 C1 F
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: s9 f# Z7 x6 ~* q6 R# g. W
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 t5 J$ U' a  v5 [) N% g3 rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ F/ S) g6 v$ x/ P: Q* Qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% t. @7 o0 k( y4 O# d6 hmales; therefore, other male members of the family
* J+ d# k; N, u, W* {6 g9 p8 bmay have similar precocious puberty.3
/ j2 O9 s; v7 u' E: x; CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ g3 U0 B% W7 N0 A% X# q9 H2 ?sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. S- m8 _' N3 i7 L/ `6 A& D5 z( \
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( T" L8 @; Y9 T' d5 x  M, J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
( y0 e% F. d" \, p5 r8 U' Ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," z1 M( ~6 M* k2 W) K. M/ S- c
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ Z0 a5 g5 f' V9 I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 p; v7 H( Z2 r6 ^
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 J. p, h+ A" z# ?* P# Y2 ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 o1 ?$ [8 A) h/ v0 reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& k2 I; C+ z' l8 b. V; T; X/ c5 e/ ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ q7 x( g8 P7 v! C6 Z- H0 O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* K0 y- _0 G4 ?' i: Z3 g; O) ?6 AThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ |0 F; w8 s6 u5 ?3 Q7 l' fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: _; {: ~4 ~, @# G  m* ~; i- A
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) ^  k+ J' J9 W; X4 P$ F: C
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
% V; `. t0 x3 N2 d) y& R: idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( E, R5 r" }0 V& L+ _4 S1 jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- m. ?2 h# Z7 C/ h9 {/ j& f  Z3 u
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 O7 w3 C# S2 b
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 }$ B$ j# D" J3 D7 V7 e$ z5 Y" |
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 q% z# }# G* g8 n8 H+ {) |unprotected females through direct skin exposure., q; s7 A! O$ K0 S( ?& i* j
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! i/ X& ?) B. v+ H" ~& Ibaseline value in those females who were exposed to9 f7 Z  b* K/ J# [5 `+ N- x
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 z  w2 X& j5 }- B
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* S9 \+ W; A" ^1 K9 k* E
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- F4 `% v! o; ~5 X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) F0 a+ W( S( H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ ^/ E  d, U+ `dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. w/ h  F+ j% P6 C+ g* M$ b2 F$ Fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: k7 H' V+ U, D9 v; \6 v& ^active in young children exposed to testosterone: [: m( v0 m6 V* X9 j9 l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 R) A# f8 a+ Q5 }drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 F+ y( D/ @6 {% Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 H0 R* O; @5 }; g& w) ~8 U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and$ {7 @4 N7 D0 J% s" q- v, D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ v6 Q8 C6 c' q! D1 K9 @4 }The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 Z2 ^7 T8 F! o; c8 z0 dearly childhood on pubertal development and final
) o7 ]+ V3 r: Y" {4 p2 badult height are not fully known and always remain; h# q& s* O+ _* U7 m: N0 G
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( o' c' i- q  _/ z" E  pterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ N3 I- h) L& L8 @+ macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ u, l7 W5 Z( ~: x" Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 u0 [" F% ^: \: V/ Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' v; j. r3 n6 T
There are conflicting reports and controversy- ^9 y- X3 h2 W# ]& C6 B
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; [/ l! R6 x* }- x- G3 v8 Q: |& b5 }
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 p( d2 ]6 {" |- ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; l- C' U3 f  }, p: b# A' E, Nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; r9 A9 [! ^1 J) K  y. `" KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 j2 p$ V# v( ~& bchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 e; I% F3 h1 S/ x3 x1 l4 c
penile length in clinical studies.
+ f9 E, [% x! w" LNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 H$ `  V4 w, @2 {5 P
going to experience any of the untoward effects from" o0 n- C) C1 Y  ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- v; \' X  N4 K7 Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ g: @- H3 \1 |# c& k" \8 o+ @; lAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
% K( N( Y/ I" o- |' Y. B( kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( ~! X+ j9 z. \. Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
8 I; p2 i, w8 P$ eheight will not be affected.  k: z4 j& m% h
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. h; y2 e" M$ Lability of androgen products in our society may
6 a3 |8 C* J% Q( Z0 Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female  k( `5 @6 l7 z. t# J7 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 J6 P$ |% J+ O
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 Y" {# M5 w. _- x0 H6 T0 h: vtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: v# C; |6 Y3 I' I: H! [: r+ V3 zgel should be asked of the family members during8 n7 C* N% W" w% z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% q- y) s8 w4 f+ ~1 |, m4 y1 Hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- L& r9 b9 o9 I. l
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
1 U( K2 [9 Z3 j# Z/ w* F2 e& bappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* {! t& W5 M: X. \5 d5 Y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' N$ K9 ~8 {2 O3 z3 f4 ~* lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ _: A0 n! c, H! T( E% [  T
investigation. The primary care physician should be# y+ H- f! S6 f6 U0 C: _
aware of this fact, because most of these children* A. W: r: \' `& a# }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 Q) p: r, b; aDesk Reference and package insert should also put a( v, @5 H* ]$ e2 a) i3 t+ B8 {2 Q" q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 C$ f8 E+ N5 T- Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 r6 A( `0 F2 I& ?: K' N' T
one using any of these products.
/ g" T  m% N: f  L3 o, hReferences, H& [- f/ k' a
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! A, P; h  M/ c2 S- tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 E8 E6 o9 n2 F' F: zEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  i# A' I3 d: Y! R" h+ v
2002: 565-628.
6 z( p9 z2 U1 R8 T' w2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; @  d0 P" a7 n  e- N) hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

  A3 y1 Z: v3 W" A精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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