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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 T. I, `% Z4 r6 P' M4 L+ T4 s9 FBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( @4 q4 S3 V8 ]+ w
Exposure to Testosterone
1 B% f$ s l2 @$ _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 L3 W5 K) F7 w4 [- xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ N) }# f* K5 t
Clinical Pediatrics+ Q: K( M. R) a+ p# p" I
Volume 46 Number 6
+ G: b: C5 V6 D& f9 R* rJuly 2007 540-543# S1 W5 h% Y" s" K8 h/ v2 w9 z
© 2007 Sage Publications3 C" _; L% T* H4 D' s
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 l. ?9 W6 o" bhttp://clp.sagepub.com
) Y8 b3 ^$ L6 Q+ l' Z0 _hosted at
3 X% B; }/ i8 chttp://online.sagepub.com
- A* l. v8 N9 G6 ?: cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," P/ g. b$ f/ v7 K4 w: o, T
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
% K, n* w6 A% h x; F2 |% A3 Wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 J) w8 X' ?7 \6 T% x0 v& dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 z9 T2 I" [, R
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 X: z5 R) I+ {8 }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: N' ]% g/ f8 I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic Q+ u# d! q& x0 d- o' a8 T" x
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% g' Q& l, n8 V; [" a* X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We) s+ m! k" v/ h0 k- Z! n$ N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 n. T, z) F/ a2 f, c! @$ \( y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( F$ t1 O2 R. I. @# d8 c2 g9 N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# b7 }/ S r. A4 }$ {to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 A4 Z4 Z6 f! f- Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: J! C3 [9 t% u: H5 a6 q0 Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 C* ?- {; m" v# J1 q& R, L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' l* k6 `+ t9 {, V3 j& Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. u# w, V5 N" b6 t2 ]$ F, P8 M2 ybly more common than the rare case report in the/ [9 U; ] }) o* z7 P; x5 z! p: {
literature.43 m$ x( V% e/ k+ Z1 W; t: _
Patient Report
3 J6 h- @: P0 @ i8 lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: W* O2 d u9 b9 M9 S% m2 jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern Q) w' G2 {) @4 u8 H6 w4 N
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 c4 f. K; h }
light colored pubic hair development when he was
K* i4 N5 z% h& q+ m+ ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 J4 }4 P4 e5 R$ ]! D: u8 n
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 z. J; ^" I' ]* s$ \- OAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, R% x& T2 j7 S: m6 P. A1 D* hProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 l4 a: i7 P3 F' ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ Q3 V6 T% }5 c" Y) A+ ^e-mail: [email protected].# n' s( P6 \, K$ i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% u( D2 I1 A: {! |* O: ]) y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) L+ { {; X* O; A1 d$ H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child a4 t% _5 k2 ` E: L4 U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with7 T$ S0 i: Q: W D
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 d9 O4 m3 m/ |; o+ @, i4 g# V3 H
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 E, Q! t& Q7 E! P2 Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ _3 f/ x3 Y; s8 P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 Q9 h, Z0 D; u. {! i' Z- ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" {% `+ C f' z) y3 y) I; hwas age appropriate.
1 d) ]9 A% G! ~The family history was remarkable for the father,
; F$ N# t! T+ p1 T- X% ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) j, @' m, y% U. _ h$ g
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: ~' K+ K0 ?/ S2 e2 |3 vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat1 m& W: y" }+ Q( y' G% |3 I
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# B( O7 R1 C0 L0 U" w7 P
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 b1 y/ S" ?8 H. `( I6 V
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; M" `) A" b g+ ~+ L! awas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 o- o) L1 d8 n ?
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 Q5 i7 q: v* Ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 x# |$ p5 M* C: _0 q |tives. There were no siblings.3 H% X! G; V# F
Physical Examination; y5 t" F; I; M1 q8 H2 q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 L- r5 O7 D# E7 G/ m+ r$ g* Vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 i3 }2 @, `$ t2 C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, w3 [. g) _: c t% ^$ H! P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. x6 R) N0 }& E* L4 i& Z k(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 A( E$ L3 H$ |7 S$ f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 B& o" ^/ E5 a9 wthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 m2 X$ ?5 m a2 \/ x' b9 bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 ?/ m; P1 W* fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; `: J. L/ q4 g4 V2 [* ?7 u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
P2 q) [& g- kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around ^& j- C( m7 z7 U& w7 |
540( M& w% q) Z) Z) C, [! R' d1 U; Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. ^ k/ A% c! u- i: j' d0 S3 bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* n0 B" V0 {7 D" I9 P, Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 b- E: N0 W6 p8 Q4 ]3 l4 K+ NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat s, C4 u! O$ I3 I; S: l; w# A
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 I9 f* I6 v! Z. @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 b# |& n R; M( G2 {4 Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
4 _; P5 k7 S% Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 ^6 q: {" v: O2 p9 G9 T! ^
of papilledema.- Q% ^& ?' i+ `- m! r) R
Laboratory Evaluation* |8 p" ^. C3 w) T% E1 D$ u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 w6 n V1 h1 q
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ f% p( e$ w/ J/ C2 h% F8 W0 y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) \% _6 }. E1 q; ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# I- X- b+ W% V/ f% y' }$ t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 u# }8 W1 ^7 E5 v& E# n6 r3 d
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 Y% `5 K9 N7 Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
, M- e8 `) A& a& Turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! I* r) L) W7 B& Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration( m7 v+ k" r# G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ `$ h# ^0 {$ Y& @8 ](normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ k8 ]2 [' N2 P2 D1 ?3 ^ u* u6 U( N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 v# ^$ ~( @, P" N/ B- H- d
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ U3 O* C: p! z: V: i# {# ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! l4 P4 i2 Z& z6 g3 t, \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 l( I, [, F+ R# {& ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 J( C7 X: Y" V" K4 y; C3 v8 b
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 w/ P( u8 l4 A v' Ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 m( ?4 k9 g0 S! U" aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" U; F7 Y# J( }: h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 [! M, V4 _. q/ V) Z$ @9 vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- L: a9 ^+ U* D+ K! N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 \: b/ s) \4 G1 e2 B3 X$ d) i) F; |(prepubertal).
0 E3 B: D& e& `) m$ K# l3 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory9 v3 U# Y5 p- f) T1 @6 ]$ a6 A
results and were informed that all of the tests were# s6 p) {, X5 }6 J% ]
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 o7 U7 p: i; W7 c. B7 H" D1 l* ]1 p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 O' ]# N$ p! Q6 [& ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 k: D* {3 @& x: v l) Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ C+ B4 r$ X, t& u* RPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ e1 R6 c, {" i5 i- ^9 nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; ]4 x3 y3 c+ ?% t) }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. M! }, [, e2 Z. k# @
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% E; T4 L! p4 L6 o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 F" Q9 Z) d, _5 E b9 S! |6 W4 @, q# a/ n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: ]8 N7 c$ P# R& h% ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 N x. C, z& w2 l( m9 F, ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 k: A3 T" \+ S- _
ing frequent erections.4 q: b1 p' _0 l# @6 l: y
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ ]; F; [, ^* r& V+ `7 R5 `% B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! W6 F, f- m" T% c# F6 N2 W: U' a. C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" ]% f# X; }7 X9 H2 j$ Q* z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, m& g1 E) r$ @9 W' W: t' c Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# Y4 O( e2 |4 J$ q ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 u3 Z+ E. s( G4 `6 d, ]7 h8 z1 Va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 p/ M/ \+ }9 k; Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 X" ?( ^4 k' \0 G" J" j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. D1 B( A1 D- |/ asecondary to depression.7 Z( {# g& F9 z0 V
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" T& W0 D7 T* l6 t) d: Y9 R& XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 _, r1 T2 a# G5 R* Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 s2 v& H9 R0 A% v! C/ J) H: D
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 R+ y1 g4 y2 e$ oThe father also admitted that after the phone call,) m! O3 f$ }! d7 [! N$ T& ]- W V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; B& i6 g2 |! L2 E y3 ?! lwas high, he then read the product information- {' L) v3 v" E+ O6 o% g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 h7 {% |# J' z" w) a& Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: }* p" g% @; X& `; M: ?+ Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! S2 p6 s& Y1 X5 r- Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 s6 G; Z) f! P) dbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' P8 ^, _7 P! O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
W) ]( O Q* x, e5 V$ olaboratory to obtain the test.( |* y) k1 L! `
Discussion& a& h% m: S# b! _! ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( W" _ g, X5 c1 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. ~9 n& k$ ^/ m. P5 h6 W
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 Q/ L" \ C: O6 A* \/ D
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! i/ F, G2 p `+ R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 h4 d+ E* h/ ]& y% E4 c6 C, W. @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ ?" ?7 k3 g" x+ q0 f0 p, x4 i
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 \2 |" C _( }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; S- g+ b! |' `9 L- S M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% ^7 H. v0 Y: G. E; q ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 v, Y# A$ }, B+ C6 P) [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ B% U. Z, }, I, [" b3 jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( C% D$ f6 W+ j$ c) l& ~2 E/ K( O% b7 H8 Hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& x; @3 J5 d+ v
gonadotropins.1,3
9 ^4 D: j$ [7 W- YGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 s0 ]" V# \8 `8 O7 d w2 jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. Y: K+ y5 J0 u. ~0 |4 I: T: Handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 p! ^8 w: U7 q8 `3 Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 ^! M! d) O" t) O% a1 _$ E" dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. ]8 I1 g4 U4 G% P# W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 B1 Q S2 |" W. h Kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& U( ]& z9 e! H% B
puberty in boys.3,4
0 w5 q: I. _7 B0 ]The most common form of congenital adrenal
4 S' `; z+ d$ ?9 D$ `4 yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 H# s& T* }: b' G0 v2 i% dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in8 `# ~2 r: n" Z$ @3 i+ o; m3 S ]. T
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( U+ @' Y7 }2 m9 c: u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% D x( S% S5 j1 |: p( `excess.1,3' U* y6 p( d5 {& r$ {, o: Q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 y/ |! y; z d L- S% f) [- y+ R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& e$ k* B* [) B+ E" A$ `A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 J1 Q6 I* o3 R: O3 hindependent precocious puberty, which is also known% |5 v* Y6 d) H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ ^: J7 G8 N2 A6 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys' W, X' c B: o4 L
with this disorder are full pubertal development,% S8 f. n* [( |% g+ U9 P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& H8 x- j. o+ }: n1 |' p2 u4 n* [& h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
" n% Z f2 W3 ^/ zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 l: H4 J9 a8 ?: v2 ]
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin- a0 Q0 N# y+ U4 d* {, U; w2 f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 V/ V3 Z/ }3 y4 d7 \autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; u/ k, [& W2 w7 D
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 C1 A. }* u# k4 S. e& Kmay have similar precocious puberty.37 C6 D+ Z9 a6 T) P) R# d
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 T7 D$ Q/ N- M5 q. m1 ~sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* G8 E. I* @* a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- i' Q4 n! x3 i2 O% a1 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ x# d, m r6 f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* d% o: G& _/ q- }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: G l7 j& o a5 q" n& q1 Wbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 U" Q* S( i0 w4 x6 jative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 E4 N' i- h" {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 A+ ]% [6 N$ |# w w5 g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; g3 w+ w: L# z, K1 h1 J
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; @; E6 R% h4 s$ Q J+ a( t
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 j R2 a! Y9 \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 G c! h8 |- t) \1 O% s0 S. p
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" M; l, q" z9 K" p. l# \+ v- ?7 p. J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 A5 Q4 e+ y( i4 r+ mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' o( u. p2 Q1 c) d% c* x6 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* s% X5 i, W4 h6 J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
?" Z5 G' S+ ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 X% A7 K: Y4 z0 @7 G4 r: KDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 I0 H! B# [! N; Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 m; I: I# |' w W& l# Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' r$ s9 o% l1 g" |4 j0 TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: W7 ]) K6 _, R6 f, a
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
i( z; v: w2 reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 p+ U' X/ V3 c+ I Opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! P- C g# U5 P6 n) Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- Q+ `! k9 G1 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* t9 ]9 ]' C8 A. C) r r( a8 I
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. a! e5 Z4 s9 @1 A& ^7 @
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, ]& ?$ m$ m# d# | Y) wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 N6 T) k* N& G2 Y7 C1 ~4 O- w5 ^active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 ?& X9 X5 z; W" L( ]& e1 e$ n) W, Fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* @/ N* Q E$ `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 B0 r- l. I+ u# ~7 Q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 y. ?5 U7 A2 o( v" e1 u" ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 i7 P( _. \0 n) ^, p+ badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% O0 a5 V6 L& Y$ w; t" @4 AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* u1 U6 {/ k) \ I' qearly childhood on pubertal development and final, S% K& @ B6 @. n5 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain
- n! `: _; J: H$ c$ Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- @( {" I; m. K7 G1 t9 Fterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, n% q; M' w9 y! iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ u: F: [0 X8 B W* V+ W% }/ j) I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 Y: }1 s- P9 Y, s( [2 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' a1 N) R( `9 M1 W% u( N1 NThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ ~5 ~7 w+ j/ V: zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 u! |, }; b! n6 l. I8 F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ _- i7 D! N& _# E5 H: O0 Aadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 _! z; n, w* C( w0 R H1 `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 ~! o1 w7 O6 L* r" H" l' `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 C; [; t0 e0 b4 o+ R. H$ R1 [- o( t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, @8 ~& g" \7 G7 bpenile length in clinical studies.& F8 X2 c& o/ L; a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
7 J) R/ Z$ g: e3 sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! E! M) r& k; D( x) ?6 }2 t
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ y2 c5 B7 |1 C# D/ W9 Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
x2 U% {, @% o( Q& y3 `8 mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
( y) o, } R4 j1 K2 v( m; Rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 Q( S z' o5 `4 K7 Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 M0 G: a6 ~+ z+ Y+ theight will not be affected.
/ f, V1 Z9 C3 n! ?+ o! cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-! m4 Q+ W& C5 ^. \2 ], z i
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 K( P. O1 u9 |6 u* b3 x$ i& f# xindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 |0 g6 r7 l9 o6 c) M' z( ~
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 K+ e2 M; Z5 r, P; |8 h7 sgen products must be considered and specific ques-+ X4 E' W! L" y! D5 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or Y! {: B+ {& e) c- I
gel should be asked of the family members during* Q5 z8 u5 |2 K' d. F8 u* k7 k( ?/ s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir- b% `- s) F0 |) l( f
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 A2 H' R, q5 ]) O+ @ l# h8 Gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# ?# Y- r0 O( m9 m) H' D
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 k1 c4 _( D0 n0 [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. x! P& }) K# g& J$ {1 [ {- j( Gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 g7 v }# _8 V6 I
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 {' P6 J' u! y9 T9 J6 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ S# W( j+ U. a6 N6 v( n5 A) Rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" m/ w: x. z. ?1 R H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 o- h9 \% B; q" k4 _5 D' ~
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 `' v& K# `% F+ ~3 m5 F1 r( tfemale child who might come in contact with some-
/ Y/ ^! }+ D: L5 }* C0 n% [3 d; t8 T8 Zone using any of these products.
. z; `) s' ?1 w9 IReferences
* C1 ], H* w1 c+ L+ h A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 u$ z3 r, N* W" D! Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 O6 M0 b0 u H+ vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 K, P. I0 `3 q1 G: ]7 A( ?7 X% J% H, s
2002: 565-628." x7 x5 k' L, ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. f" l2 J# `5 Q: E. v4 C( ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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