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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 T7 Q& ?, P/ \- I, D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" a- e" R4 ^# `  T  BExposure to Testosterone
. z! r3 o  E% z$ I( \  o$ zSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# q9 T' F) U1 i# b6 [1 n
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  c' Q7 x$ Z1 [- m; n8 Q% ^) K# p
Clinical Pediatrics
+ L& c! K2 m8 R$ c" k$ |Volume 46 Number 6
% Z8 J7 P8 h; y" E$ s; bJuly 2007 540-543" X# X% e2 m6 k
© 2007 Sage Publications$ R2 i  i0 z6 N* I- g$ b% g% F
10.1177/0009922806296651) [) l  ?. }; Y- P
http://clp.sagepub.com4 q. W& u; ?& g0 X! Y* ?
hosted at8 x( [6 y2 {0 Q2 w) X# T; i# c2 F2 y
http://online.sagepub.com& Z$ b  L- J) y+ u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ T4 B4 ^4 q9 r" b/ l3 t& ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ Y. `" M' R8 X. H7 Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, {3 k4 g& O( c$ v7 F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& i5 e' g* Y: p' A$ |
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ K# p2 z5 j& ^2 F% Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- E: ~; e. F9 P+ |" Y, e/ aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 R+ ^1 z# w5 E" nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 ]$ q* G, v' Z; C8 F. f2 i4 Q. Lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) \( |$ b; C# c0 t4 [1 G. Y. R4 [report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. H5 q& V% H# W1 B+ {6 ^
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# X$ B0 ]: g( Z  o# w9 lment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 L& [: l" U. h2 @( e: L# _
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by! K) g" D8 u" Q- v
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 B3 s$ _+ j6 i5 i$ M( \" {6 s) Ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
) `  }' ^3 s0 L- \9 V2 S! z& kchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 o- d( w, {$ Y* |. c0 t
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 s9 f7 M& L  S) y+ A" ebly more common than the rare case report in the
8 {6 r  i: `) T$ cliterature.4
9 a5 l! R! @) `3 `' dPatient Report
8 S9 ]: D4 \, J; q3 ^+ S+ }A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' C. [  t. ?! u) W
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. C+ ?! ~) {1 p0 S$ S7 W
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ V+ Y& _" w( |  Qlight colored pubic hair development when he was' [5 c# l% I6 V* @0 `* ?5 V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ M6 U6 p" L7 h; |" E6 GSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." f# B1 }5 |+ o" v
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 `8 N, _$ Q" p
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( \1 K/ Y* `4 E! n' `/ C# @, j6 _7 SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; c- c7 @8 Z# C7 X; fe-mail: [email protected].- O/ x: c2 z6 Z: @5 J. s8 S
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ m8 Z) n- k+ D! Z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& N6 q! \; a5 t, n2 ]0 L
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 r' m  u8 m( D4 N, j* t4 awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, |; w) `1 A7 A3 K! b/ F( ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) i) c; g+ |8 |7 S- D
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 Q, o) l7 Z9 ?4 X4 }9 Q  S9 B5 b
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# c. X: p: {. Y7 r" G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& X! Y1 ~& s0 W* B8 r6 W& vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development$ k' V5 O" b6 L: I, c  v" W
was age appropriate.5 @7 ~5 u5 x/ O/ I/ y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ K. N& e; _5 p' Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: K' {4 S2 y" w5 `, H! I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, _- J; g% L, V' pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: i6 A4 e( F, L' a' {
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 W) E9 N6 S' k' j
The father denied taking any other medication. The8 C# w3 R3 `, d1 V
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
2 @/ H4 M3 R3 e6 _' W; H# Ywas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 f5 S# x% ]* Q% C! z% N. c( W: }5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- M$ o  [9 O' F! R7 ^5 c7 X
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  j* Q8 ?" N7 j% i) ], |tives. There were no siblings.
8 @/ B  ]* B# I% D3 r8 L+ EPhysical Examination6 q) j' e8 O* `. M
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) [+ Z! s5 [$ W" Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, i. O, Z8 G; r6 e# Q; b; c9 aa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ b% N5 e0 A3 u* b5 r/ N& p90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* O, Y  T; U% v( L- D, l(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 }) U" Y7 C/ `, p8 Z  k8 w
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 d1 f" M8 H; _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% d! g; Q+ w/ p, p% y; M# e7 s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 g2 |+ p- C' L- n) b
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 B: h  X' v% \6 ?
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ ~) Y- B; T1 F* E3 {" zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 g* r  v4 e8 K2 K
540
. U/ Y6 u3 d: u2 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. k- w- @5 n. L# @! pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( V3 G0 b0 {) s2 U' ?. S6 Y( R0 y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
! S: J& s' V6 H" H' Q+ DThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; A# a9 W1 B0 C; f5 woily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
7 L2 j; ^( h, K) A  p( babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 @/ H( ^1 X* d9 W- TNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 A2 f9 u  {2 M, g/ c* _2 t0 J+ T! xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 J) T' ^) Y* [; j
of papilledema.
0 A" Z7 Q/ K$ hLaboratory Evaluation( ]- m, K! u+ Z! z& t
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
& c8 ]2 b) _4 D7 j  Lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% P/ N( S- J$ i) h. J& g
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ P  F; |  Y6 s5 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
- b) ?/ w3 o9 U$ S8 Zshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  X; L; c. }7 M5 R1 |# Glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 t1 m& @1 F; L* tThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) r- q& I' F" v# d# p
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* T' k  ~8 n1 ?
within normal range for his age. The concentration: F2 f3 Q, G  d0 ]8 d
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
  B% f3 o$ I. U2 y' j: k7 l4 z( L* ^* u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% R9 w. _1 i5 ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- g: O# |( X7 e7 ?) z$ iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 d& I: N) z( y5 I1 P
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* R2 H/ x, l' L, f; z/ ^
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' A: s- L$ ~6 [& Y" Q1 s# a
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& E+ e6 P, S- n4 k7 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 a7 f% E$ O- h7 y' r! n- k! L: A  Ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% E) }4 T  R9 l8 \  N  f5 `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  D; ?) Z! k* T5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ F! [5 l# N/ e4 Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, P  b  q) T' n7 Z9 i0 O9 @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL( f7 n* M: V) c. T( ~
(prepubertal).& \. B6 X( O  |6 E
The parents were notified about the laboratory: ~$ @5 p, a6 Y2 j. [1 o
results and were informed that all of the tests were5 B7 ?) B. Z/ r6 q- ?# d
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ l/ m6 o! F: G" E3 s. Y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 c7 s0 ~. O$ q; \6 }) c) A" ]* Bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; r3 j8 J  E, k% g9 ^5 yever, the family did not return for 4 months.- L! b! V1 D( v9 |
Physical examination at this time revealed that the" l5 p, H4 ^0 D, P* e$ e9 ?& j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& k7 A; r/ U" [& v: ?# H% S! m2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ j) e, P, T6 s) f2 d: G7 L
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' |& G2 [2 J6 Fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 B; s6 e; P8 v* s' h
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  F/ U* |+ q* I  ?1 gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ y7 ]) n. E( J  m! O
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 Y/ p' r. n$ i$ H/ cing frequent erections.7 @+ e" m! P- a/ v! e7 F
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 v; J( j  C. J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 T5 l; n7 I; P8 B4 T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 d0 m% ^5 z' h6 O( k0 i9 p4 A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ L% ^# p: z" Z; m% w! H. ]" A9 tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 p* E3 U$ g9 U
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, ?" e, k. ?! [$ X. [a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# ~2 p: b1 G; y( ]; S4 pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( l9 @& w8 k9 |  I2 Xscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- Q: ?' G4 i. J' j. r
secondary to depression.
. k6 M8 f2 J. t, N0 O3 r9 HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. U& X, t" e. y+ J/ I2 e
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 Y9 u5 Y5 b" P1 Y$ v. O
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. d9 M  k4 b0 a; n8 hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
9 p+ w, H. H) H  P# m3 Z3 {The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- H4 k* P2 o8 K+ _0 Kwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# G" p! C$ @, a/ Nwas high, he then read the product information/ C4 P3 m$ T7 l' T6 H  ~: y. W( l& l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 n  ]: ~' X1 t1 s7 L. k1 g
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 L' f7 ~, Z+ J, T3 Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- Q+ ^* p+ t1 j4 F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, H  B7 x( f3 E) [) D9 [% g
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' s  N; Q$ I0 G, l; E
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! K7 _, |- [5 ^4 o# Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
* p5 J3 K/ C9 D! L; kDiscussion, q3 g2 S' `3 i" q( P+ S( J5 |8 p1 b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 d7 A) ^, A8 L( i: u( p, msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 l. c2 l  O/ t1 t; Q/ P( APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. @/ k% f' g7 }
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! q3 a$ u3 b4 R9 m$ F! n: d* M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* s* ^. W# p8 W8 T
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* a2 M( Y( G) G) j% H5 o- B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 w+ N0 E- y( g/ C$ N. Xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 f5 X, h3 E2 d9 iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# F/ ]2 X4 y: w& ~* t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 j# H+ T2 ^5 s: z; G0 D
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 s0 l3 G* [3 J4 [) x' g7 I7 _0 |* {
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  s) p, L5 i. c) A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ `8 j. ~) ^$ k4 U/ Y) ^gonadotropins.1,3
( @; G5 m$ X" y- ?( TGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ ~3 x5 I1 E% C2 F* w! Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 x: X; }/ d5 Q# `* G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or# d9 ~* f% O) C; z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 i" _% b$ U8 ^( |$ y9 Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! I  ^2 M  x* Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; q1 Y4 a; d! B& u3 cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
% E9 S! U% ?, `& Z% xpuberty in boys.3,4
- |3 c5 b# V4 @/ uThe most common form of congenital adrenal
9 f+ y" _0 j9 u5 Ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." t& D% [/ w) q7 G
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* y3 Q) e  M( l' h2 Q! w+ b, @) e8 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( c' m$ }  t1 l9 ^! {5 S
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
; ^$ {( N& ^8 @& [excess.1,3
# S* E7 |! Z* b1 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 T- z1 E2 P" t( V8 I3 @- R542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 g# C! @7 j3 A. gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* |  E  `/ _' S0 v  N, Z+ jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known/ R3 L. L3 f! h) K% g# A
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* o5 c7 I* I$ x3 Qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 g% P) V4 W( t5 O9 O+ Dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 f" X% Z; K! ?- M6 |& oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys' }$ ^5 ~- z1 ^! ~; }7 J% [: e0 o
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* ^1 g7 l/ ~3 A6 nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ q7 e# Q9 T' @3 _: h" {' A6 M5 V% i
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; a* f: `( K# qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
" _# ^3 \* H( ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 a. H/ P. g0 I$ G1 g; Lmales; therefore, other male members of the family, ?6 ]6 `) U, A+ Y+ M% |: k
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( S  ^; Z2 {6 I2 ?9 zIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 b+ a/ L5 |" S8 I" W: V
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: \* Z4 u; Y4 O! s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 o8 ?( Y) [$ I# {2 a) q& Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
* k. p9 \+ P# Y& @started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- ?9 G/ l- l$ Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the3 N; u) D! @) X7 x5 f. V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 B$ g1 H: I. x( j3 Z9 B8 K/ ~
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; F# b1 I, o" m4 k3 Jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; V9 j3 d3 [- W) E. H- u# d# Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 k+ a5 v- _! s* L) Bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 }* q* U- U1 ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 f# h0 Y. ?& I$ A7 L7 a8 M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; m4 V9 N  P! F; l: m3 J/ K
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- [5 X" z* w6 E+ |% s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) ~( _* E0 [( {' u. y9 H7 e: Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# b  w) r- g% z0 g" S  x) W' o
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 ^2 E2 z  Q$ m  R4 J& ~
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- Y* G. V  I: e( |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ }0 g( ?1 r6 |* y# Y1 i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or6 H, ^" s7 g. P; }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
& F0 X2 e; ]3 o. ?3 U1 Q6 b( j% vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ V3 W- j2 F! a# E2 Z% l
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. r: I5 N- r. l( ?0 g" Kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to9 N" S8 P0 }0 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 e. ~5 Z' m" t$ `4 b' E/ C
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* ~( p& P/ a. m* S! ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: {1 ]/ y, z' r* {$ a. `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 g: m! `/ O/ _5 a: W; pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 l$ ]* q. z+ G8 }6 q) c, l4 D
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! C& A7 y9 _9 A0 x& g7 l2 p+ e2 a
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ a- T9 e6 V2 U  D& N* p5 u! p! q, U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 Q+ C+ ~& F# y/ X- H! Mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 d+ z, S" \7 \" P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 s$ X* h% u: D# i% Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in# [. M% D% Z9 i' V& m$ V, d8 D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( ^! X' V* \$ E) t+ A" u0 ~advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 }# A7 X* W; Z5 \' LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during( s4 P: r  D" Y4 [$ r4 x9 v: S' D& e
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 i) d: q/ n; n4 S( d& R9 M: Kadult height are not fully known and always remain' t7 [6 N3 U2 W- ^6 n) }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( s5 z: a1 F: N$ Oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  f" @( Z" T0 A5 L6 ~
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* {  _% V+ X9 m3 Q3 ?- I" Hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! I/ _+ m5 s. O# G7 Q3 K
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9( o5 h* c7 q7 V
There are conflicting reports and controversy. e6 F- }! \6 u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# `. V! C4 p, l0 {' a3 dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' r; m/ x, h7 A: Y* F* ]6 j8 Sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 N* v/ d4 p1 c- @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. X6 }8 W; E, \$ t$ r: d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 T' u) J( X; q0 U& W. Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 a' s+ }* v: T7 Q) A- }
penile length in clinical studies.- S1 Q5 X& N9 G9 @5 |
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: n) S8 F; G, Z/ E! i" M, t3 _going to experience any of the untoward effects from
  u& n6 l8 n  Ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ m; q' M7 s# Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 q2 |( s8 Y1 U" UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of- [( Q8 c$ S5 ~8 j$ }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" u4 J- s$ K& c4 ^: P3 zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 ~# |5 K* c4 L; W
height will not be affected.+ Y) c* s' k7 _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. L) n. u9 w0 e: W) B) cability of androgen products in our society may9 ^  Q3 ~3 R# r: a$ ]" T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 a2 y- n) G6 P, N! s% c! Achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 e' r8 Y: a$ \2 m) e. A. n
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) ~) w8 w8 k+ b2 a: C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( Q$ i7 [5 q% |8 S+ zgel should be asked of the family members during
9 c- e) L) a! ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 x6 G: ?" j9 H6 A4 C. O8 t1 Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' u* W. W- E0 [5 f6 W3 ~8 cnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; a3 @2 @& z3 @& a! w1 u. n* mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 t8 E+ v$ B+ H1 q0 g, o/ Nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may3 l2 s# x6 [5 s9 A9 L9 ^5 R
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. W% j9 `4 s" M- C
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. d6 E- f+ T# _+ t$ V5 X2 X9 Paware of this fact, because most of these children
$ G4 ~- j. A9 J4 E7 M+ cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 B* Y% X0 m; pDesk Reference and package insert should also put a9 T1 r8 A  r1 z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 b- @* W9 B3 {- Y& p" qfemale child who might come in contact with some-$ M- _: r/ l% y7 ]3 j& R
one using any of these products.
2 l# ?- t5 H5 H: p) SReferences( e# k+ X- E1 @2 {' j1 a% }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: ~: T. w6 r! y4 Band puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# p  n- ]5 G2 E' j0 x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; ~. p. \. }. m5 N$ {; k2 B2002: 565-628.8 ~2 N& n# s/ K$ h. B
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) m$ F/ u6 w+ G, G* F1 X1 s5 j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# Q1 x" K. p6 ^' M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" A& j: l% N& ?* `4 Q: _
Exposure to Testosterone
  A6 ?* m) L+ p. L$ ]5 E! WSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! K1 i) q: T7 c, B+ H' i- u& dand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  |7 C' W9 N6 {) ]  m% I, MClinical Pediatrics/ X6 c3 |% o3 m9 p0 }
Volume 46 Number 6
( W. `$ C4 T) B, AJuly 2007 540-543
5 x' D: }% d  T© 2007 Sage Publications
! T5 ?. W9 B& A; X/ G10.1177/0009922806296651
' a9 b/ X+ f! e) i+ ?8 ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
( [, X  N  j$ E/ I$ Ehosted at% ^7 s, {7 t2 @; C
http://online.sagepub.com" b* K1 F# {4 j# w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: |: }7 t; K& n4 ], N1 q3 cis a significant concern for physicians. Central' b( O, m, ?  `$ q, B$ L! W+ Y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
3 x6 P, O" |. k& v2 S6 ~9 Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; i0 r; J+ N& R" O+ `8 X4 G0 ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 |8 {- y1 _& `& \- k$ a3 G) A3 Ylesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ p- H' @, `8 o9 D6 u. I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: I. g0 M3 M9 m, c+ \1 ~4 ^( w
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: c0 u( R$ e' p
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 N7 x1 j/ c$ W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 j; M4 d5 X/ I5 nenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* D5 {% ]6 q; M6 h9 V! mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- [4 R3 A" i/ V) K$ wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 ^6 i& Q  f7 ?1 N5 v. |
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. l1 P: X, i4 r/ U: z/ rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% s* B. @# ~+ S! F  r* D& B9 D4 Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of: e3 t; U8 @; R- R# s( k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# V0 y# [  d$ ?: X! a, G& Z# xbly more common than the rare case report in the
$ \9 X9 z. L% y' M) H% F6 f, }literature.48 e( O& V" r+ K& v: x
Patient Report
3 A! {* g: Z$ p' eA 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ A% e8 P! J0 u+ _
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ o# L& E3 D- G+ J1 K; K/ R* O5 A; j* l# i
of early sexual development. His mother noticed) s8 N5 `+ R3 C
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ k2 ?* n! q( `From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. ~" ^. _% L5 B3 c) a" `South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.# a1 [/ }8 o. ^5 t2 v! s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, X2 w2 a+ K# F% s; oProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. N0 e. Q8 g1 O9 gMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: f: q3 g8 o* f* Be-mail: [email protected].
! g& a* B& v% F0 o  ]* \1 ^; Xabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 r- k. _! v, f3 E: F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-0 a" ~: H4 o- h* c1 |; r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" I4 e" ?) {$ N/ R6 [$ zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( p* E% V# M2 @* `) m9 Z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- }, Y) ]8 F% \, |1 `
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* t1 A- D0 Y$ Uof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" O  G, |( q3 u4 T6 X" I, _" Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 d) y+ |! J: o6 N
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( ]2 t8 ]2 e% @, m8 [was age appropriate.* D5 }( M4 X8 k2 V5 ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,8 s8 k  K1 E* N& j" M1 d
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! A5 k+ F# a5 J3 R1 K+ R3 g# ^
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 t& Z! ?. Z4 {6 c
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: j3 M" G5 u4 T  h4 P! d; ?& d) u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! w7 ?9 `0 `, H; @The father denied taking any other medication. The( t! f1 v3 v. K! A* _9 p+ W
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 W) v! Z7 j( f  j' l+ ?1 x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
6 I9 N) D& e( t* b; \+ x, M5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 U6 {3 W! ?( j. Y' Bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 V, d+ o* J0 s3 `. j% K
tives. There were no siblings.
: X: U" G  C) oPhysical Examination" e% a' n4 h; h5 ]- g; |/ i( _
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" H% @; x2 ~; G2 n/ [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& _: F3 ]2 A  c4 Z" [6 ~# k9 R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
  q0 _  u# m; n. I& o' }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. {5 E+ F6 H& z! N  Z$ _
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: P- Y2 ~9 d  ]. d. a3 R9 k( Pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- I9 j9 Z' B) R) G, T4 _
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 e$ |" {2 ~/ |" X# H- w  i' Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; ?* H3 M2 q, q+ v% g' |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of' U& E( \! O$ [2 p
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! Z9 f! \" t0 O' c, _8 L9 b6 N- t( a
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
  r& c) t; ~4 b8 q4 w5 ]6 T540
7 K) h: a4 z' B) G" Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  F0 E- K+ F/ d1 U' m; \/ p6 y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" B" U1 B1 a& h  r* N5 R! J- `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 U) y" ^& j2 u3 W& q) M2 y, d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: C, T& z  z; m2 K4 k" {, voily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 g& m1 {0 _- U& r3 p$ D$ n
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ m+ p, o. E) N' y) K+ W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 w7 x) s7 I0 o" I  ~9 W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) ^) P6 _2 g, N1 L5 p/ I, N
of papilledema.  M! \; X. L# `9 `  ]5 {0 f
Laboratory Evaluation- a% o4 q8 \5 g3 B4 y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 _6 {% S  B" g8 O) b* K$ c* `using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; d; j& \- C5 x: x0 V3 X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
& q- ~3 t7 B: Z8 Kkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ s! _& \% \, Tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, V. a8 n: d2 e4 e- a9 P8 E+ elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ i, ^  `# J& m( E: V- I/ v6 m
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ N6 X5 [/ q8 ]/ Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 m, F0 `; o5 C- L+ K5 a% Wwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' Y3 i* C2 Q& t2 C6 \
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( Q8 a/ l; `. O: u
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 O! i  o  G: L) W/ s/ F4 j( ]( l8 Png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 q6 R+ c4 z& J+ U6 l1 o
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' d- B$ a" l$ Wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 g+ I2 C9 I7 F1 n4 F9 t, \( X49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' @7 D, ^7 o6 ~3 c. L
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 U6 C1 n" n7 ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 Z5 n8 ^7 T0 c$ f: Q9 Z3 f1 X! f8 |
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. U# s4 D) {1 _- ?and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ ]8 ~( H2 l; C1 a' I4 u7 m
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- E. c6 b# J! M  G
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 I7 _( }0 @: z4 X) Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; h7 f8 s& m: r( O2 v4 q- @
(prepubertal).
8 W5 \+ ^! L& r8 {( _2 h- yThe parents were notified about the laboratory! D( W) @# N4 z( M) P- t0 B
results and were informed that all of the tests were* I" s4 Z/ `1 A) @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
- I: J% r! J+ I5 Z. Q  l9 N( G# Bfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% j0 ^& s* `4 H* h3 m1 oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) T1 U' a% v$ j+ X6 I8 F( ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 @% v+ T' Y$ T: Y* R% A+ U
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, I) X3 S6 J$ p7 Fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 q4 p3 U6 w% E4 A4 L  i5 }$ L
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 `3 l1 S8 E/ K1 I3 e4 u% ]: [1 t0 h1 Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" @* U7 f0 x! F! ]  H  O, Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 K3 u! `! U! p. j+ X
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) E6 X% ~6 j6 H, e4 u4 Z5 FmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ _% S3 C( Y% K" R
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( i4 H: j* I* K9 z2 J5 ~ing frequent erections.: R  Q0 Y( K, g' C5 s$ ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of. Q! v3 x; i. U9 Q5 i) x8 X
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 W. `- o  R9 |, |* Q* \/ M
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 Y/ Y; X) g0 u+ CTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) v3 E, t% {9 E, l; ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 {$ I8 q' O% O( l) Y8 ting over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  R' z; H; ?& Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& h- g! s8 P- m6 \6 |to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ F5 h& V- s9 M$ P$ v2 v1 M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ M! v2 Q4 i0 u% Nsecondary to depression.
' t: r8 ]) S% DThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 O* q2 R/ ^0 q8 n! j  ?7 |* hThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( b2 |! J- k$ S
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( y- m% ?2 |! Z+ D, n) Z7 P8 n; _
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) |3 p* S5 {4 m" g
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# p$ a1 D$ F# u  cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; c7 M$ w* ]( K1 o1 j: v$ C
was high, he then read the product information
- ]' C6 l  X$ E# ]: C+ Z6 V: h7 Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* k2 w6 [: I" \# Q5 a8 j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& s# E! V% O' _$ q7 V6 B% |# \: F
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" R5 P9 T! H4 p' h% v) ]
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had% a3 L6 ^$ s4 i2 v& S
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone8 H9 o; R3 Z" {9 h9 L/ ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; q8 n7 ?4 E. L* h  V# dlaboratory to obtain the test.
0 p0 N* F4 w$ a) N& VDiscussion
3 c# M; S" i& l/ x5 ~Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. V% A0 a$ z& ]0 V0 B( y6 r
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4- j8 V' ~: L7 S; o1 ^: {" b2 X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when% ~% m( G" Y  ^
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 j+ \2 M" P1 |; J% Q
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ W/ D/ r3 V( {" r0 `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ d  i( ~, b3 r& w+ tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ R2 C0 x0 M$ p9 F8 T5 J
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' Y3 l! c# @1 f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 M; g9 P! j- d5 i8 Y8 V+ _$ K# Tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ f" n2 n* e) X% u* n, R6 B4 Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' {- T. m7 S) G: {9 ?/ g' v5 Jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 k; v7 x- b  b7 F/ R5 `* o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" \9 H: @! i3 U
gonadotropins.1,3" B- x# d3 g% p" Z% z
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 y; d+ b/ J- v* n  L
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 b+ y6 f( v5 @, F- ?' dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! H' J/ s! a* q3 C, rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 h% K4 b0 A( a
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" R( A% b' A( Xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! s9 d/ l+ G) W! m) t0 P( Z. n/ ]
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' }+ P0 w6 E8 b. ~# x7 q9 Spuberty in boys.3,43 ?8 D. Q5 c" \3 O
The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 f: `. `. M5 s: bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" I# Z: b, v* H: r% PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( A# A5 Q% U8 v' \- Dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! A  [: B( Z6 z/ ~! \% l" F( Han adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 K! q; [9 D; |# s1 Sexcess.1,3
, k: w# M9 `5 [, Gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 Q2 }: U& V7 T# _: F4 P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. ?) p, H$ U" y$ K% p- XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  `2 L; d  p$ o( U8 Q  Aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
- s5 u: Y2 Z- J5 G# A+ i5 E/ `) ~' Uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 C( X/ {2 O6 w1 L2 ?6 {
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 U- ]5 z. O6 S# A) ]8 k+ f8 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
/ e; _+ E# z: Z* [, {1 V$ Tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! `6 E' {  @  d  j1 v8 Lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ _" G" d) ]8 ~/ e2 Ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" g+ }. @; o! `. @pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: ?' l4 m- B, Q9 R* H) c) Z# ^
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( ~/ G$ L* K' yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only; |( O" Q+ B* ], x" @5 v* I1 [& D
males; therefore, other male members of the family  e, H8 T! h7 L* {: E
may have similar precocious puberty.3# w8 M* _5 \$ I6 D$ g9 P
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
/ h1 d8 m$ o' a' s' A. ]sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 R- ~8 D$ g2 F& a( zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( O" G7 O% _" f; b! C: U, }/ T/ J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 i5 O6 T. [: ]7 ?( {9 I7 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' \9 x8 W( Y$ |  p, m
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# w  e; A1 N9 q1 D# c1 pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-0 W- m. f4 c0 ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 A, D6 G; `# A# ?0 D( mbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," H" t9 C, n9 J* H- W1 e
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 w; ^+ c9 u6 n$ [: Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' u3 c# Z4 X' |  \0 e! p4 Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.; Y$ Q7 C! I; n- x0 W0 t
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ A5 k& F" J& X8 H# p
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- P; C9 k* O3 A' sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* U8 |; O. |  Y* Tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# i4 a6 t% v0 {& {) ]$ f: z2 g: q9 S+ |decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! R- t2 V: M; d+ X) n1 t
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- l: t* b( a0 S( I* {1 ousing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 t0 E: l1 E  a7 u: LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; g8 l) p# S9 _3 f0 h3 o) q& Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to; Z. F, z' a% T  C) Y/ v9 w
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: R! t( h) y5 s1 Z  \/ WSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 A7 i+ R1 r; V6 C, l
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
% h8 Q* y2 r3 Q: n( m( L) `$ c5 e1 Reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: e: M6 f& ~1 C, o9 j  }& m1 Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. e$ Z$ F0 M4 v  s9 ]8 j4 M
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; i% A8 ~! p6 J8 ]) t) AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ U4 r" K% u- }' a( y, a* }which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( }* V; P8 V9 N. D( q! L2 `4 M0 G. u9 vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ i! V8 j: D4 Hterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 m: _4 J" V6 e" y3 ]active in young children exposed to testosterone
! ]" D/ Y. T/ ]% s! Uexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) c6 K$ q5 g/ X# X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to: Y. |, V9 d/ e$ C0 g$ r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; K9 e0 k* c& M7 s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and$ j( S6 y4 g8 l6 N: G4 ~& g1 ?+ u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# w+ Q% ~2 L+ C! e' |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 c. w0 g( N; i- g) f4 l# V
early childhood on pubertal development and final# r! `; C. L( w  W/ b
adult height are not fully known and always remain! }5 I5 j$ U  K6 r3 p8 A* H
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: W6 L  O! @* }+ b" Dterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. Z. K8 H8 h) j% ]' r4 Yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ i; _2 }: @5 C- gcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 t' m3 J4 N* T1 Z+ _/ |' ]$ B8 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- t% l9 ]$ m6 j" }3 L( e
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 U) t1 k. D$ W4 b- ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 K6 w( M6 Z; ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( @; o( L# G) M) t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ ~" F' k+ Q6 U2 dulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 A+ {! a  q5 `8 J) _2 \% nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  ~. o0 A* G2 W" k0 X+ _* k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) [5 L  _# `* ]3 G; Mpenile length in clinical studies.
3 t# ~. w/ ~) U9 O) o& xNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: P# b- [% X) }4 X- b
going to experience any of the untoward effects from: Q0 h2 n. h/ Z, x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 c$ _8 F( d+ ~, v
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 b. {8 p' R$ Z& p+ I, WAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
: Q% ^- r& V2 Gdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; X; R% w% E/ V' J+ z8 _( Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. W  `: }) O* ^$ c) fheight will not be affected.7 K/ `! C' [1 W  K$ h
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* L2 w: _7 C+ o) @
ability of androgen products in our society may4 J1 D  D' |- H2 ?9 Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female, h2 s% M  Y3 C
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 s2 X. R/ n# f3 v! m
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* g/ ^3 n* H# h$ O4 a5 f3 `
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% g0 j5 F* n9 I, W
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 D4 B; T3 B* N) dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: O% t& ~: p9 z3 ^ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, }; E5 E  L5 A
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 G: k( l) v3 L; E
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 G& R, }8 B1 v- W' S/ C
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; _$ L5 z, N8 }# P4 E) d" ]2 K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 W+ @1 A  m: q7 G
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% \/ m* H; p# I* e) m' b5 `aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ p4 Y4 @$ V$ B# l; Tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 e+ l' A5 B% t. V! L$ q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a6 s0 X; J9 H3 i# x  U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or( O" {( f( Z2 v8 k
female child who might come in contact with some-/ _, j3 j6 X$ a) q, g
one using any of these products.6 e% ^1 y% s! }) `& i- j  i) Q  r
References
' V/ p( E/ e: x) c+ ^5 Z, i1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; a. f8 n; \$ u! N% }3 aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. ]; ?& d4 Z: K" O4 W4 i( EEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( X* {4 @& p; t+ r7 G; v2002: 565-628., ?7 ~  Q: J; O- N+ w8 R6 O
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ t6 l5 @( X, {7 d/ P
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
' K1 z" M0 m* c! M3 R# U
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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