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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- ~0 G+ e" U3 Y7 G t7 A9 M
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
, [6 d, q K+ v0 nExposure to Testosterone
! M; n# ]. I5 oSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 m s+ |9 F% N: t7 Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 t6 `5 Q& \, W. |
Clinical Pediatrics- _3 M: W7 b5 ]2 u; |5 t# U
Volume 46 Number 6
% `- R& I4 X8 n9 n5 ~+ @- MJuly 2007 540-543
9 n6 d# _! a, g2 S2 X% X4 O© 2007 Sage Publications3 {# J2 c+ F. o2 K* ^, ?) H# s$ H5 o
10.1177/0009922806296651
( D) l9 k/ G% ahttp://clp.sagepub.com' j7 _8 |, E0 q1 D3 q6 c( v! m
hosted at
8 z6 H, E# Q( P5 J& |http://online.sagepub.com) ^! |2 n h% ~
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, T) @" Z+ d# g, C% m; q7 ` Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central+ I, Q& O4 L8 w% l/ _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 [9 i# a2 G/ O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! B l: @7 ^! _$ }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 J4 h0 H. i5 E& T3 Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) C8 h7 X% }$ Q. ?
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 c3 J8 [# V4 T p5 ~! q8 a/ Hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
, v) _ D% `: ]( Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% N2 V. Q( c- d; w6 [$ \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 w) ^; {5 V! Z+ g2 renlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 w: x( m v3 X2 W+ dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ C$ Y. y1 m$ q" ^- T: Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# ^$ T3 Y3 G' d9 Q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 P+ w( e P5 A) t* Mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* c7 \9 W/ j8 I1 T# Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( A; x( ^+ I) J$ x7 ~+ b( H! [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' f8 M* D! ^) |9 f4 i
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ ^: ~, f4 F/ I5 \/ _; u$ }% Dliterature.4
+ j: P. P& h: L |8 {$ tPatient Report6 q" |# ]; q, [+ H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: B2 e8 J2 o8 t% s- `3 [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& [0 O, l, G1 F6 @0 S8 w" b I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- v k, k# k- J
light colored pubic hair development when he was; r: Z) q! o3 _4 [/ l J' b
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 F3 D# n: q+ ?: W- r: f; ~South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 W9 [4 e* U+ C/ @7 g7 I. Z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- c+ W# c5 O4 k+ y9 JProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" o) J! }, x% ^$ `4 p# m; |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; j+ U( b2 l! ~# D1 [( Ae-mail: [email protected].8 }, t$ `5 |! O0 \9 b" f4 {, l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 S8 L! s% u6 d* A: k: _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) r2 F1 u2 Z4 M4 F M# \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( D: \& w, c, m0 E/ K/ pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with _% F% x& {* @5 W" Q' f" ?+ n
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 f! s# V/ t8 O' z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ {* V" k4 }) ^8 K, X+ z A: b! bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with& j. {3 |" s7 ^: s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 L% k3 \. M$ L9 A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' Q. }" ^ _. o3 G4 R$ P# }was age appropriate.
" K- w- p" y% z$ i# ]The family history was remarkable for the father,; d; B! f( i$ O1 r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 S" k, F* p8 ~( i9 swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 J" s' v) A; l
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* C L! A( _& c9 e) ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. s$ G0 g$ X) B/ R+ PThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- w( D0 y1 m! \% i# Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& d/ T$ {( S/ `+ C6 F0 b( N! O
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 `5 n# v2 W* {; a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% k8 K3 A" r" F: u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 S. ?6 a3 Q" x+ C
tives. There were no siblings.
8 v0 F4 L4 Y1 n2 s U1 d- S5 IPhysical Examination
% q/ w$ l' n6 p& @The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 r4 E3 G; t! rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( }& R& W/ Q8 y x2 _a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 @4 s, @8 h1 \2 h90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- K2 r* ^6 e( D! V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 B4 ^+ _* A5 E; k, H7 m, j3 qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- a4 g6 L/ I z5 J7 l; ^( qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- c1 N9 z, O. `( A" w. ^5 dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 f/ B& R5 }" H& t Y! Z8 G
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ `1 H( Y& _: \6 Y0 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( G" }( ~4 X7 N) ~/ \) ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ I( Y8 Q% N+ v1 @# R1 h- E540, A7 u, C/ p; A; a3 c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; s7 b7 o! Y5 n+ z* othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- ^" F2 C/ o2 T5 {, l- A2 ^- I2 ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 b2 X( b* r: ~2 J* e, J$ ~1 h& y: Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; x! _" b) r4 e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: j. B8 g, m( O
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- ~" m, _9 w/ y! ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# |3 b3 H- b2 Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 f6 S' i! V* N3 e1 g3 @
of papilledema.' j9 C M# T* V2 b: h6 H
Laboratory Evaluation8 h0 a$ A( a3 u2 ^1 t' r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, k- [" f( a! t4 y- |using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% E0 o) F7 V" k! U" D7 i7 K- ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( N' A: k' j/ _- [( J. S h s4 ~3 Ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 E! Q- g1 G3 a K
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 K; n u5 Y3 d$ ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# |$ m! f& s- Q% ?" S: c. R5 G& lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 K3 v2 E$ t, a$ s+ Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; N3 L3 \. P Q1 D: P$ s, {$ X
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 l# f/ h9 {/ W9 T8 s8 ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ W& e. ^3 B$ P8 ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ O) W! P) ?8 v! y$ {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" l- M) c1 }' w/ r; [$ s# ^
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
, D. ?. f7 z# P, ]* y& ndesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to1 y$ Y: w3 }3 u( f* g/ e2 T1 g L
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 `1 x+ D( P0 O' u' @was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* @# W/ l% g3 `6 x5 D$ _2 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 R% R; X! D* ~' j* o% G; d
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, s. [) i2 X2 ^, G0 K9 D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- {- Y* O- ?/ E$ M* C7 M3 z& A1 u
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 M( z0 w9 u1 Q8 A8 }0 @; e( @% _/ m
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 o# w! L& S" a1 X, v X* Z
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 u% T: A, D/ w" [# B
(prepubertal).
1 @7 }" |/ _+ A" Z9 cThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" E! Q% x m# e4 yresults and were informed that all of the tests were. ^. h# l8 r9 S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 J5 D: i4 e7 e$ A9 qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: o$ }5 Y2 f# ~/ x$ H" m) w! @1 aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( ?) D6 P7 h) D; b ]- V
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 p% O& x Y6 D3 v* f" s; H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 K- p+ o4 O7 }2 k' X; b3 }
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 P8 U, n" Z6 U h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- F2 m, K. ~& O) O3 U% B0 F+ b' Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 ?; ]8 q4 U# S- kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
U5 b& S: i& ~, V7 V1 O, P9 Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. g8 |0 u! i) I G E* l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 l- P" n9 s, R0 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* X4 s5 U" J) ming frequent erections.
! k/ B9 l+ v0 _. SBoth parents were again questioned about use of* z+ G5 y. o m) m* P
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to' O2 C1 P' C7 n. y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 V4 X6 K8 A' C5 p1 a" S0 _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 E9 y. p3 j2 d1 g$ `* X" L
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) l" p E, G. c. G( @4 S8 x4 @
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 U3 s4 K$ R' V \- s+ R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 H* k9 a; V' P; d3 cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ a1 |9 G F5 |/ ]* c7 B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 `, R( S1 O' j( D& v
secondary to depression.) O& y: b' u8 ]' j1 i
The child slept in the same bed with parents. |& j$ p: U0 @" W" c O1 m$ D, d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% U$ y7 u0 f' vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* g4 ?0 e. N+ G8 inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' o3 S5 c4 _2 R3 d! a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, N- p; v$ q! E
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 }/ t: {# y& k, Z
was high, he then read the product information: b! G/ f3 B) f7 L, X$ [' |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, K' }( y" ]8 o1 Z8 k5 x+ O+ Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 k6 ]& U- n- z8 \3 g
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: X1 Q9 e$ f2 h9 X- N+ s9 m1 W3 K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, _. L2 Z5 J) `& \$ f, ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- q. @9 b$ ?2 X9 n% x7 Q G
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 x1 Z1 |1 B! k- G, A$ R8 ^, e
laboratory to obtain the test.
: w; q% C# |0 n( zDiscussion% f" o, C# T( F8 W* [1 O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& E4 D; ?5 u7 j- y2 n( O( xsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 |1 s. V: b L/ t* y! h0 B* GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 Z B8 ?4 {% v1 `3 O* t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. w" o( l0 c9 I, p9 L& Lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 @# }- b Q( t p1 `% N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 }& L, D, Z X5 d% D- o, \# B" Hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 \7 D* s7 i/ U* z' A" zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ p! L6 S1 K; K* O# B: `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 Y5 b; h2 l2 p! k8 }- hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 q+ d5 z! \" C* ]" g: A; uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 ^3 Q$ M1 E# T5 D; [, g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ o- e, B3 g0 f; k& P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) ]6 h2 k+ B8 K g: t. F- k
gonadotropins.1,3
! Q# b4 t+ J/ ?9 nGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ [1 y& x" F0 { h \cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 C: J3 M" x5 [$ gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 x; i6 P" t, K! ^3 H3 sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ J5 _+ @+ X( h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 a! }0 c0 M5 r0 X0 G, v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( G9 |& ?9 i' k
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# g' Z' U7 f" Z/ r+ m9 ~+ o5 H: qpuberty in boys.3,4
, o% U! Q$ q* E: MThe most common form of congenital adrenal. o [" Z! V+ |9 p& y4 \" r/ O( d2 m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- o" m3 d* Y) s4 n- Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) j$ R+ I8 |- V/ Y) N
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& J% W3 |, ~2 v R5 R% ]3 n
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 N; i" I( Z8 e
excess.1,3
! G& ^5 w1 ^! G6 aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ j# V9 u% D5 q& w1 r# r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) ?+ a$ q# D JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* v2 K2 c; H, i5 f: k8 u8 Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known ? k3 x% P+ x. r, o
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! g: D- Q* @! Y4 _; M0 _- z2 f0 mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys6 k0 M) |' T1 _4 ?
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& v7 L, N2 n6 I' u+ J- E
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" s$ K c! Q8 L; `+ Z9 cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! n. w5 `2 r4 \; }9 E P# M( b7 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* D9 P( l$ d. Z+ s8 K& i) Y8 Z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& S y2 h* N6 Y# E! @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 C8 P" q9 ]9 F9 s2 \- s0 i9 lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ s: X6 G1 Q; j8 Q) Qmales; therefore, other male members of the family8 v+ o. f" t# k m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" J2 B6 F& q* I! B1 P% @, HIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 a+ w) ~" |1 ?; h esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: R) k F c! a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* }$ u) Z% A+ Q3 ]; s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 l) z. y: [7 O, o. x) fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* I3 _/ C. w; b% rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ g _# n. G$ G4 W+ I
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( C; g' t+ ^ b3 F- L3 b+ Bative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 X2 w1 ] D7 L' s6 G* `
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ D6 N/ ^/ V- |; a9 v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ y1 K* x( j0 Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-3 N+ q' k- E. j- Z! o- h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., P$ O5 P& P) a, X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) i7 C2 Q" E% n! c! W$ Hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' l; p% W; E/ p' m; W& s( T3 L
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ D8 ]2 V. V! C1 Epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. w7 P+ W, b7 c! Q. g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 ? Y- J5 {" k* B4 e6 `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# K2 x. h9 R/ G3 x& ?( m, w- D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 d/ h% y; X% n7 P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or w) v$ a, H( d8 V/ {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ c( M5 U& Z- u' A [1 a! q. Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 d0 I1 J$ c; o2 T8 z+ ?! `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& \5 F! N |- I/ U0 [: abaseline value in those females who were exposed to
) O3 V& c- ~+ a( n5 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: }0 y) W. ]5 L+ z, J5 Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) s6 \! ?8 j* ?
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., C2 M4 g7 |1 C
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( F a4 \$ A2 X8 o' P4 X5 awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! u+ u7 h5 @- Z2 l9 Q4 ]# J$ Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 H' W9 B9 @; f6 f. q' qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ ?7 n5 `* u$ ?active in young children exposed to testosterone1 O. ^0 V7 T1 U N! ^2 h$ l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) ~& \9 ]* P- ?0 U5 j3 h, Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 y j- [9 t% x% Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 Q6 }" k7 b; f5 I: K' Gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 t: y7 |+ j) @advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' |5 i4 C0 K) i/ K- |3 U; U; S yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' b) k4 j' y% eearly childhood on pubertal development and final! _; Z9 V0 U* Z, [1 v6 o
adult height are not fully known and always remain9 d! L- r' S1 Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ ?" i% ?8 p; m. ^4 F, p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, @ t, a2 W% ~. b# J: Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 R* Y& m% i/ j" N1 m& J5 t; |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ C# c" n* f2 z( k7 n- w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 A/ c8 f" N& ~" F% L! eThere are conflicting reports and controversy
& m; ~! w/ r0 M R6 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 c3 {* s6 y1 n# B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( T, S: I5 J u) p9 Jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ r4 h% S; j/ S; L* a3 G: j0 C
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ T8 M3 A+ e0 e6 @, l9 ?9 A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 G3 x9 l7 i* T4 i& T' @7 `1 Q- r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! p a/ f" y$ H' ^) D
penile length in clinical studies.
/ x$ }/ u+ O# g' \5 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is z! @0 K0 j0 C( k
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 L' O5 O* V: x) a% stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 m2 I( Q# l" ~6 ythe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 D! r$ E0 m1 Y, _5 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of3 J- R1 ~9 A) e A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 z6 a# _, e7 o/ Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" y4 l3 S/ M0 }0 {; }& Nheight will not be affected.
, o0 Q- p2 \2 [+ xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 ^8 |' a6 \: l0 z9 A6 { ]& @ability of androgen products in our society may) u7 x6 c1 j% T) [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ c, s' H7 e' d! ]$ {9 u
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 D0 }3 q. b, b8 V* A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% M* n) c2 @+ V) O. ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& N) }+ ]/ F5 N3 ^1 j qgel should be asked of the family members during
' h: O! t5 z- s) j; |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% W. V0 H+ |, m% D$ S. bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 F3 w- t' R" k) C5 j5 gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 J/ Q- E! Y! X. A2 c
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: u9 {1 i. s, r, U( ?, [' L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 D H, z2 X( ~& t2 p- d; C. Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. j7 N8 Z$ _4 `1 e7 Y
investigation. The primary care physician should be) O) v: w) r; C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
4 u4 p5 F) d" X0 F/ K* Omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
3 w, \2 x) w1 l9 s$ gDesk Reference and package insert should also put a0 e" Q9 }/ s( W9 v
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
J0 X# j" j6 W8 wfemale child who might come in contact with some-/ a5 u' X2 z# e2 ~7 L# h/ p3 O
one using any of these products.7 |9 o1 x/ ~6 l3 i7 I- F) I7 N
References* M- N5 t& l; B; o3 {$ }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' K& W2 ~# k& ?: L" r+ Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ D6 u! s3 H; B8 M G' [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. G1 \3 H2 U5 J5 l0 d3 Q. c
2002: 565-628.
) q2 l5 b* Q2 v+ g2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' p9 j3 A# n5 F: w. \, x
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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